THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


/J  C 

±ti 

: 


A      NEW      SYSTEM      OV 


SHORT-HAND 


INVENTED    BY 


WILLIAM    HUDSON    HURST 


ARRANGED     KOR 


SELF  INSTRUCTION  AND  COLLEGES 


PUBLISHED    BY 

W.   H.  HURST   &  COMPANY 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


LONDON.  ENGLAND 

A.  O.  FI FIELD,  44  FLEET  ST.    E.  C. 
191O 


COPYRIGHT  1902  BY  W.  H.  HURST 

COPYRIGHT  1910  BY  W.  H.  HURST 

All  Rights  Reserved 


PREFACE 

In  the  year  1902  the  author  published  "The  Short  Hand  Supple- 
ment," a  book  containing  some  new  inventions  in  short-hand  writing 
arranged  for  writers  ov  the  Pitman  system  or  any  system  adopted 
from  it. 

In  that  edition  the  writer  promised  to  later  publish  a  complete 
system  including  those  inventions  and  many  others.  But  not  until 
now  has  he  found  time  to  carry  out  that  purpose.  The  interval  how- 
ever has  been  utilized  in  thoroly  testing  all  these  new  ideas  in  prac- 
tical work,  and  the  system  here  presented  cannot  be  improved  to  any 
considerable  extent  by  the  author. 


SPELLING. 

The  spelling  used  in  this  book  is  the  same  recommended  in  a 
pamflet  entitled  "Simplified  Spelling,"  copyright  1901,  by  Wm.  H. 
Hurst.  In  that  pamflet  he  advocates  the  fonetic  spelling  ov  one  or 
more  letters  at  a  time,  and  recommends  that  the  five  letters  and 
sounds  ov  F,  v,  p,  B,  and  M  be  selected  first  as  they  are  the  most  nearly 
fonetic  in  the  present  orthografy.  He  also  discourages  the  practice 
ov  doubling  consonants,  but  as  that  has  a  relation  to  the  vowels  it 
may  be  tolerated  temporarily. 

The  above  recommendations  have  been  adopted  in  this  volume. 
The  remainder  ov  the  spelling  is  orthodox  with  an  occasional  excep- 
tion where  the  accepted  form  is  outrageously  bad,  as  knowledge  for 
noledj,  though  for  thot  etc. 

This  will  be  ov  use  to  the  student  in  indicating  the  true  fonetic 
forms  ov  a  number  ov  words  which  are  more  or  less  obscured  by  the 


448341 


orthodox  spelling.     It  is  necessary  to  write  shorthand  fonetically  in 
order  to  secure  greater  brevity  and  uniformity. 

Reference  is  made  in  the  introduction  to  several  European  alfa- 
bets  with  a  view  ov  dissipating  the  idea,  which  many  seem  to  have, 
that  we  use  the  Latin  alfabet  complete  and  entire.  The  English 
alfabet  contains  several  letters  ov  comparatively  recent  origin. 
Neither  are  the  alfabets  ov  Europe  uniform  in  regard  to  the  letters 
nor  the  values  attached  to  them. 


THE  INVENTION  OV  SHORTHAND 

The  basis  ov  shorthand  is  the  use  ov  straight  and  curved  lines  for 
the  alfabet.  The  idea  originated  with  Dr.  Timothe  Bright,  who  pub- 
lished a  book  on  the  subject  in  1588,  entitled  "  Characterie,"  etc. 
His  alfabet  was  as  follows: 


ni  mnr  n  innf  T 

a,  b,  (c,  k  and  q.)  d.  e,  f,  g,  h,  (i,  j  and  y,)  1,  m,  n,  p,  p,  r.  s,  t  (u,  v  and  w.) 


Dr.  Bright  did  not  join  these  letters  to  each  other  nor  attempt  to 
spell  words  with  them.  He  added  what  he  called  a  "characterie  list." 
Each  word  in  the  list  was  written  with  the  initial  letter,  as  above, 
somewhat  modified  thus: 


J       i       J          L         -k 

advance,       air,          again,  age.  almost 


The  final  circles  and  hooks  had  no  value  in  themselves,  but  the  whole 
sign  stood  for  the  word.  Forty-eight  was  the  full  number  ov  words 
for  one  letter,  which  were  formed  by  sloping  the  letter  in  four  direc- 
tions and  altering  the  base  in  twelve  ways.  The  "Characterie  List" 
contained  537  words  and  was  realy  a  list  ov  word  signs.  These  he 
modified  by  placing  dots  in  various  positions  before  and  after  them  to 
stand  for  other  words.  The  complete  work  comprised  a  dictionary  ov 
over  200  pages,  and  several  thousand  words.  As  the  first  letter  only 
was  fonetic  the  balance  ov  the  sign  being  entirely  arbitrary  the  whole 
might  be  classed  as  shorthand  hieroglyfics.  It  will  be  seen  however 
that  he  used  in  his  system  much  ov  the  so  called  stenografic  material. 
Namely  the  simple  straight  line  made  in  four  directions,  the  initial 
and  final  hook  and  circle,  and  the  placing  ov  dots  beside  the  strokes. 
But  he  did  not  succeed  in  putting  these  devices  to  the  most  practical 
use,  and  the  use  to  which  they  are  put  is  a  most  important  consider- 
ation. 

5 


6  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

In  1602  John  Willis  published  a  sytem  ov  shorthand,  which  he 
called  "Spelling  Characterie"  in  later  editions.  This  was  the  first 
system  having  a  working  alfabet  used  in  the  ordinary  way.  His 
alfabet  was  as  follows: 


x\/)i<  i I 


a.       b,       d,       e,      f. 


h,       i,         j,      k.       1,       m,       n,    o,    p.       q. 


V   ) 


In  1618  E.  Willis  added  and   changed   most    ov 

the  other  signs.  The  signs  7  ^  '  are  not  those  ov  the 
first  edition  but  are  taken  Ch,  sh,  th,  from  the  later  and  more 
popular  editions.  John  Willis  and  his  successors  all  advocated  fonetic 
writing  with  their  characters,  and  recommended  the  omission  ov  silent 
letters.  He  omits  c,  using  k  or  s  as  the  case  may  be,  uses  f  for  ph 
and  directs  that  words  shall  be  written  "according  to  their  sound  as 
they  are  pronounced." 

Mr.  Willis  and  all  his  successors  added  a  large  number  ov  arbitrary 
signs  to  their  systems  in  order  to  make  them  brief  enuf  to  follow  a 
speaker.  Willis  represents  the  world  by  a. circle,  the  sun  by  a  circle 
with  a  dot  in  it,  the  moon  by  a  semi-circle,  etc. 

This  alfabet  was  gradually  altered  and  improved  by  a  hundred 
different  authors  until  the  beginning  ov  the  19th  century.  Preference 
always  being  shown  for  the  simpler  forms. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 

Two  ov  the  later  and  more  popular  systems  are  shown  below: 
Byroml767 


Taylor  1786   *       X       /     .        \       )         /     . 

a.         b.  d.         e.          f.  g,  h.          i, 


Byrom 
Taylor 


j.  k,  1,  m.  n. 


P.  f|. 


Byrom  1)         <r—          /       --       /     ,      x, 

Taylor  f         r\          /         -      I     .      \ 

P. 

Byrom  I     o 

Taylor  <r-^  V_          t/       —  • 


w,  x.  y. 


Byrom 

Taylor  C  c —  / 


ch.  sh.  th 


It  will  be  noticed  that  a  dot  is  given  for  every  vowel.  Byrom 
used  a  dot  written  in  five  different  positions  beside  the  consonant  to 
represent  the  vowel.  He  was  the  first  to  entirely  omit  vowels  and 
use  three  positions  for  horizontal  lines  to  indicate  the  vowel.  Taylor 
used  one  dot  for  all  vowels. 


8  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

It  will  also  be  noticed  that  JT  and  z  are  written  with  the  same 
sign  by  both  writers,  also /and  v — v  and  z  being  shaded  to  distinguish 
them  from  /  and  s.  In  several  early  systems  all  such  pairs  ov  con- 
sonants were  written  with  the  same  sign.  Some  writers  distinguished 
between  such  pairs  by  shading  one  stroke.  Taylor  discarded  all 
arbitrary  signs. 

Sir  Isaac  Pitman,  in  1837  and  later  editions,  still  further  improved 
the  alfabet  by  supplying  a  separate  sign  for  nearly  every  consonant 
sound.  The  characters  shown  below  are  taken  from  his  later  edition 
in  which  many  were  changed  from  the  1837  edition.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  m,  n  and  /  are  the  same  as  in  Byrom's  system  edited  1767.  Pit- 
man was  a  writer  ov  the  Taylor  system  before  he  edited  one  ov  his  own. 
We  also  give  for  comparison  the  consonants  ov  Silagrafy: 


Pitman    \\    I  I VV.    (( 

Hurst      \  \    II //    0(    o  c    O  C 

p.    b,     t,  d,       k,  g,         f,    v.      th,  dh,    s,    z.     sh,    zh. 


Pitman 


ng.          w,       y,       h. 


Pitman  has  had  many  imitators  in  America,  and  it  is  interesting 
to  note  how  closely  some  ov  them  follow  his  errors  as  well  as  his  merits 
without  giving  him  much  credit  for  either. 

We  have  provided  a  single  sign  for  r,  which  may  be  written  either 
upwards  or  downwards,  instead  ov  two.  One  sign  which  Pitman  used 
for  r  we  have  used  for  ing. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


LA  W  I  r.  K. 
DALLAS.  TEXAS 


Ing  never  begins  a  word  and  this  sign  is  very  appropriate  for  the 
letter  as  it  is  not  always  conveniently  written  initially  but  may  always 
be  easily  joined  after  any  letter.  The  other  changes  in  the  alfabet 
have  been  made  with  regard  to  the  frequency  with  which  each  letter 
is  used,  so  that  Silagrafy  is  practically  a  light  line  system,  and  with 
reference  to  the  balance  ov  our  system  as  a  matter  ov  expediency. 
We  find  however  that  we  have  only  retained  nine  ov  Pitman's  twenty- 
four  characters,  four  ov  which  he  derived  from  an  earlier  system  as 
has  been  shown. 

Brief  as  these  characters  are,  they  are  much  too  lengthy  for  ver- 
batim reporting,  and  it  is  necessary  to  abreviate  them.  These  abre- 
viations  will  be  considered  in  the  two  following  sections: 


VOWELS. 

The  first  attempts  to  shorten  shorthand  writing  were  made  thru 
the  omission  ov  vowels. 

This  idea  anti-dates  the  shorthand  characters  by  one  hundred 
years. 

Mr.  Ratcliff  ov  Plymouth,  England,  invented  a  system  ov  abre- 
viated  long  hand  in  which  he  omitted  the  vowels  and  wrote  only  the 
consonants.  A  book  containing  this  invention  was  published  in  1688, 
nearly  two  hundred  years  after  the  death  ov  the  author.  In  some 
Semitic  languages  the  vowels  are  omitted  in  writing.  The  early 
shorthand  writers  soon  learned  the  practicability  and  utility  ov  this 
invention. 

John  Willis'  vowel  characters  were  soon  exchanged  for  dots  which 
could  be  written  beside  the  consonants  or  omitted  at  pleasure. 

In  1674  Elisha  Coles  published  a  work  on  shorthand.  He  used 
ruled  paper  and  was  the  first  to  use  different  positions  to  indicate  the 
omitted  vowel,  by  writing  the  consonants  above,  on  or  below  the  line 
ov  writing. 

The  early  writers  represented  only  the  five  vowels  in  the  Roman 
alfabet  as  a  rule. 

Mr.  Pitman  supplied  a  dot,  dash  or  other  sign  for  each  ov  the 
fonetic  vowels  and  difthongs,  and  in  reporting  omits  them  all  and  uses 
three  positions  for  writing  the  consonants  to  indicate  the  vowels. 


io  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

In  Silagrafy  we  have  supplied  a  more  comprehensive  vowel  system 
than  has  ever  before  been  attempted. 

First  we  have  given  each  vowel  and  difthong  a  full  length  sign. 
This  allows  all  words  beginning  with  a  vowel,  consisting  ov  a  vowel 
only  and  many  consisting  ov  a  vowel  and  one  consonant  to  be  written 
in  full  such  as  /,  oh,  au>c,  ice,  oil,  ax,  sea,  air,  shy,  aim,  inn,  ape,  ate, 
ache,  oak,  etc. 

Secondly  these  signs  may  be  made  very  small  and  written  beside 
the  consonants  when  necessary  according  to  the  plan  ov  the  early 
writers. 

Thirdly  the  vowels  may  be  omitted  entirely  and  the  consonants 
written  in  different  positions  to  indicate  the  vowel  as  is  done  in  all 
systems  used  in  verbatim  reporting. 

This  arrangement  especially  in  connection  with  the  following 
brief  signs  gives  a  writer  ov  Silagrafy  an  opportunity  to  write  some 
words  in  full  and  as  plain  as  print  even  in  reporting,  while  other 
words  ov  frequent  occurrence  may  be  abreviated  to  the  last  degree. 

BRIEF  CONSONANTS. 

Even  with  the  omission  ov  practically  all  the  vowels,  shorthand 
would  be  far  too  lengthy  for  verbatim  reporting. 

The  early  writers  met  this  difficulty  by  adhering  to  a  long  list  ov 
arbitrary  signs  (the  descendants  ov  Dr.  Bright's  hieroglyfics)  and  word 
signs  made  by  using  one  letter  to  stand  for  a  word. 

One  early  writer,  Wm.  Mason,  discovered  the  value  ov  a  small 
circle  for  s  in  addition  to  the  full  length  stroke.  He  published  his 
system  in  1672  and  was  considered  the  best  shorthand  author  ov  the 
seventeenth  century. 

It  was  the  use  ov  this  small  circle  for  s  and  other  similar  prin- 
ciples that  finally  enabled  reporters  to  write  briefly  and  legibly  enuf 
to  follow  a  rapid  speaker. 

Byrom  used  a  half  length  consonant  to  indicate  that  the  same 
letter  was  repeated. 

Pitman  later  made  a  much  better  use  ov  this  half  length  principle. 

Pitman  adopted  Mason's  invention  ov  the  s  circle  and  added  two 
ov  nearly  equal  value  ov  his  own,  namely  a  small  final  hook  for  ;/  and 
the  addition  ov  /  or  d  by  a  half  length  sign. 

These  we  consider  Pitman's  greatest  additions  to  short  hand. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  n 

To  be  sure  the  circle,  hook  and  half  length  signs  had  all  been 
used  before  for  other  purposes,  but  it  was  the  skilful  and  fitting  use 
to  which  Mason  and  Pitman  put  these  devices  that  shows  their 
superior  genius. 

In  Silagrafy  we  have  adopted  the  small  circle  for  s  invented  by 
Mason  and  the  small  hook  for  ;/  and  the  half  length  for  /  or  d  invented 
by  Pitman.  We  have  also  extended  the  use  ov  the  initial  hooks  for 
/  and  r  to  cover  all  letters.  These  hooks  were  used  by  Pitman  in  a 
more  restricted  way. 

In  addition  to  the  above  adaptations  we  have  added  the  following 
original  devices  so  that  every  consonant  in  the  language  maybe  added 
to  every  other  letter  by  a  hook,  circle  or  loop,  namely 

A  large  circle  for  sh  or  sli, 

A  large  circle  on  half  length  to  add  tsh  or  dsh,  (c/i  or  7'), 
A  large  hook  to  add  m, 

A  small  hook  or  double  length  curve  to  add  k  or  gay, 
A   large    hook,    semi-circle  or  double  length  curve  and  hook  to 
add  p  or  b, 

A  small  loop  to  add  /  or  7', 
A  large  loop  to  add  ///  or  dli, 

A  small  loop  and  double  length  curve  and  loop  to  add  ng. 
With  the  above  devices  we  obtain   a  greater  brevity  and  much 
more  legibility  than  has  ever  been  possible  before. 

We  are  also  able  practically  to  dispense  with  the  enormous  num- 
ber ov  word  signs  added  to  all  the  Pitmanic  and  other  reporting  sys- 
tems because  we  are  able  to  form  for  all  words  a  complete  outline  ov 
sufficient  brevity.  For  instance  the  Pitman  systems  use  one  letter  as 
a  word  sign  for  language  not  because  this  word  is  ov  very  frequent 
occurrence,  but  because  the  full  outline  ov  consonants  is  so  awfully 
cumbersome.  Our  full  outline  is  sufficiently  brief  for  all  practical 
purposes,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  comparison: 

Pitman         /~_  L-NG-G-W-J- 

v^~~£ 

Hurst  /^  L-ng  gW-j 


12 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


The  dashes  refer  to  vowels  and  you  can  see  how  the  brief  signs 
are  used  to  confine  them  to  their  proper  place  because  we  are  nearly 
always  able  to  write  each  syllable  with  one  stem  and  the  balance  ov 
the  consonants  with  brief  characters. 

The  same  is  true  ov  the  following  and  many  other  words: 
Full  outline     Pitman  Hurst 


bank 


\ 


come 


time 


J 


fact 

think 


kingdom 


public 


remember 


TT 


object 

> 

V 

large 

9 

<^> 

published 

\x< 

V^ 

REPORTING  SYSTEM.  13 

Pitman  uses  a  single  letter  to  represent  all  but  the  first  and  last 
ov  the  above  words,  as  k  for  come,  f  for  fact,  etc.,  and  they  are  fair 
specimens  ov  hundreds  ov  similar  abreviations  used  in  the  Pitman 
systems.  It  will  be  noted  that  these  are  not  such  common  words  as 
zV,  as,  not,  the,  that,  etc.,  which  recur  over  and  over  on  every  page. 
Such  words  as  language,  kingdom,  published,  fact,  etc.,  might  not 
occur  once  in  a  whole  discourse,  but  the  memory  must  be  burdened 
witK  the  word  sign,  which  is  difficult  to  recall  both  in  writing  and 
reading,  or  else  the  impossible  outline  must  be  used.  Silagrafy  sup- 
plies a  full  outline,  writing  every  consonant,  which  is  at  the  same  time 
brief  and  legible. 


SILAGRAFY  OR  SHORTHAND 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  system  ov  shorthand  herein  presented  is  designed  for  report- 
ing and  other  rapid  dictation  with  no  intermediate  point,  altho  it 
is  so  arranged  that  any  word  may  be  written  in  full  including  the 
vowels  if  necessary. 

In  shorthand  no  attempt  is  made  to  indicate  the  extremely 
irregular  spelling  ov  the  English  language  by  the  incomplete  Roman 
alfabet.  Where  the  Roman  letters  are  used  in  the  text  the  sound 
which  they  usually  stand  for  is  always  intended  to  be  represented  and 
never  the  letter  which  nearly  always  represents  two  or  more  different 
sounds  and  frequently  no  sound  at  all. 

Like  any  other  art,  most  ov  the  fundamental  principles  ov  short- 
hand are  arbitrary.  That  is  to  say,  a  vertical  line  is  used  to  represent 
/  and  a  horizontal  line  to  represent  k.  There  is  nothing  in  these  lines 
that  would  suggest  the  sounds  for  which  they  stand.  They  are  arbi- 
trary and  must  be  memorized.  In  this  respect  the  characters  do  not 
differ  from  the  Roman  letters,  the  shapes  ov  which  do  not  in  any  way 
suggest  the  sounds  for  which  they  stand. 

The  shorthand  characters  are  the  simplest  possible  forms  ov 
writing,  being  only  straight  or  curved  lines  made  in  different  directions, 
with  circles,  loops  and  hooks  added.  All  the  aid  possible  is  given  the 
memory  by  the  association  ov  similar  forms  and  similar  sounds. 


i6 


HURST'S  S 


CONSONANTS 

There  are  twenty-two  elementary  consonant  SOUNDS  in  the 
English  language  (omitting  the  trilled  r)  as  shown  and  classified  in 
the  following  table: 


PLACE    OV 
ARTICULATION 

CONSONANTS—  CLASSIFIED 

STRONG    CONSONANTS 

SEMI-VOWELS 

ORAL 

ORAL 

NASAL 

MOMENTARY 

CONTINUOUS 

CONTIN'S 

CONTIN'S 

SURD 

SONANT 

SURD 

SONANT 

SONANT 

SONANT 

P 

b 

w 

m 

f 
th 

8 

sh 

V 

dh 

z 

zh 

long  and  hard  palate  ) 
forward  ) 

t 

d 

1 
r 

y 

n 

Tong  and  hard  palate  | 
back  ) 

Tong   and    hard    and  } 
soft  palate  j 

k 
h 

g 

ng 

Tong  and  soft  palate.  .  . 

Each  elementary  consonant  is  represented  in  Silagrafy  by  a 
simple  straight  or  curved  line  about  a  quarter  inch  long  or  other 
device  as  shown  in  the  following  table.  Both  sounds  of  r  are  repre- 
sented by  a  single  character,  as  in  ordinary  spelling. 

The  horizontal  signs  are  written  from  left  to  right.  All  other 
signs  are  made  downwards  except  /,  r,  ng,  kw  and  gw  which  are  made 
upwards.  L  and  r  may  be  made  either  up  or  down  when  joined  to 
another  consonant  or  vowel  stem. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  17 

I.    Table  ov  Consonants. 

v  O    isn 

\       P 

\      b  °      Zhay 


m 


gay 


"V—  we 

v 

ith  ^  ye 

the  V  he 


(  s 


1 8  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

Double   Consonants. 

tsh     O       c/i  as  is  chew,  called  cJiay 

dzJi    D       j  as  in  jaw  and  dge  as  in  edge, 
kw     €        qu  as  in  queen,  called  kzve. 

gw     £       gu  as  in  lan^wid,  called  give. 

Explanation. 

When  no  explanation  is  given  in  the  table  the  shorthand  char- 
acter has  the  same  power  and  name  as  the  letter  adjoining. 

Gay  represents  the  sound  ov  g  in  go,  log,  wagon,  etc.,  commonly 
called  "hard  gee;"  but  not  the  sound  ov  g  in  gem,  age,  etc.,  commonly 
called  "soft  gee."  For  the  latter  sound  the  character  j  is  used 
because  gee  and  j  have  the  same  sound. 

Ith  and  the  are  two  elementary  consonant  sounds,  neither  ov 
which  is  represented  by  a  letter  in  the  Roman  alfabet  altho  they  were 
represented  by  at  least  one  letter  in  both  the  old  Saxon  and  ancient 
Greek  alfabets.  Both  sounds  are  represented  in  English  spelling  by 
the  digraf  th,  as  in  thigh  and  thy.  These  two  sounds  bear  the  same 
relation  to  each  other  as  s  to  s.  In  shorthand  a  separate  character 
is  provided  for  each  of  them. 

Ish  is  another  elementary  sound  which  has  no  letter  in  the  alfabet. 
This  sound  is  heard  in  s/ie,  sure,  motion,  nsh,  match,  etc.  A  suitable 
shorthand  character  is  given  to  it. 

ZJiay  holds  the  same  relation  to  sh  as  z  to  s.  It  is  heard  in  a-sure, 
ed^v,  rouge,  etc.,  and  has  a  single  character  to  represent  it  in  Sila- 
grafy.  It  is  the  second  ov  the  two  sounds  represented  by  the  letter  j 
in  English. 

Ing  is  an  elementary  sound  similar  to  m  and  n.  It  is  represented 
by  ng  in  %\ng,  \ong,  etc.,  and  by  n  in  ba#k,  logger,  etc.  It  has  no 
letter  in  the  alfabet,  but  is  always  represented  by  a  separate  character 
in  Silagrafy. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  19 

For  greater  convenience  in  writing  Silagrafy  four  combinations  ov 
consonants  are  given  separate  characters  namely  tsJi,  dzh,  kw  and 
gw. 

CJiay  is  used  to  represent  two  elementary  sounds  which  frequently 
occur  together,  namely  tsh.  These  two  sounds  are  represented  in^ 
English  spelling  by  ch  and  tcJi  as  in  c/^ain,  muc/t,  m^tc/t,  ca/c/nng. 
Chain,  charm  and  most  words  spelt  with  ch  really  begin  with  the 
sound  ov  t.  This  is  very  similar  to  the  sounds  ts  which  begin  many 
words  in  the  Slav  languages  as  Tsar  etc.,  but  which  do  not  occur  at 
the  beginning  ov  English  w.ords. 

In  the  same  manner  such  words  as  jay,  gem,  joy,  etc.  commence 
with  the  sound  of  d.  The  letter  j  was  formed  by  the  Dutch  scholars 
by  adding  a  tail  to  i.  Its  original  value  was  that  ov  y  which  is  still 
retained  in  the  German  and  Scandinavian  languages.  In  French  it 
has  the  sound  zh  and  in  English  has  degenerated  to  dzh.  In  Spanish 
it  is  pronounced  like  our  /i,  and  it  was  never  adopted  into  modern 
Italian  nor  Greek. 

Jay  as  stated  represents  two  elementary  sounds,  namely  dzh. 
In  English  spelling  these  two  elementary  consonants  are  represented 
by/,  g  and  dge  as  in  join,  /ay,  ^em,  &ge,  edge,  ledge,  etc.  In  Sila- 
grafy the  one  character  is  always  used  for  these  various  spellings. 

Rive  represents  the  two  sounds,  kw.  In  English  spelling  these 
two  sounds  are  generally  represented  by  qu  as  in  queen,  kween,  quire, 
kwire,  etc.  Qu  and  que  as  in  cheque,  picturesque,  liquor,  etc.,  very 
seldom  stand  for  k  in  English  as  they  frequently  do  in  French  and 
other  Latin  languages. 

Gwe  represents  the  two  sounds  gw  as  in  lan^age,  distinguish, 
guano,  etc. 

In  Silagrafy  words  spelt  with  the  letter  c  are  represented  by-  the 
character  k  when  the  sound  is  that  ov  k  as  in  can,  music,  etc.,  and  by 
the  character  s  when  the  sound  is  that  ov  s  as  in  rent,  center,  face, 
etc. 

PJi  is  always  represented  by  f. 

X  is  represented  by  ks  •3js>tax=\.^ks,  fox  —  ioks,  etc.,  and  by  gz 
in  e^rist  —  e^ist  and  by  z  in  Xebec  =  Zebec,  etc.,  these  being  the 
elementary  sounds  HEARD  in  the  respective  words.  This  letter  has 
been  dropt  from  the  Italian  alfabet  as  useless. 

All  "silent"  letters  are  omitted  as  k  in  know,  knock,  etc.,  w  in 
wring,  wrong,  etc.,  b  in  doubt,  debt,  etc. 

All  writing  is  by  sound  and  not  by  letter. 


20 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


No  consonant  is  doubled  in  shorthand.  Doubling  consonants  is 
an  expedient  used  in  English  spelling  to  help  indicate  the  sound  ov 
the  preceding  vowel  as  in  hoping,  hopping,  etc. 

In  Silagrafy  each  vowel  sound  has  a  separate  character  which 
fully  distinguishes  it. 


VOWELS. 

The  vowels  and  vowel  difthongs  in  the  English   language   are 
related  to  each  other  in  the  following  order: 


DIF- 

VOWELS 

DIF- 

THONGS 

FRONT 

OPEN 

BACK 

THONGS 

Loner  .  . 

oi,  i 

e,  a,  a 

ah 

aw,  o,  oo 

u,  ou 

Short  

i,  e,  a 

a 

o,  u,  oo 

Before  r  

e 

u 

The  above  vowels  are  heard  in  pronouncing  the  following  words 
in  the   order  written : 

Oil,  ice,        me,  may,  hair,        ma,        \aw,  no,  tool,        iew,  out. 

It,  etch,    at  ask,        on,    up,  ioot. 

Her,  wrge. 


The  above  table  has  been  used  as  a  basis  for  the  grouping  and 
arrangement  ov  the  vowels  in  Silagrafy. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  21 

II.     Table  ov  Vowels. 
Elementary  Vowels. 

Long  as  in  Short  as  in 

e        ^"">      me  \          ^***  it 


•  a         ^""5      may  or  hair 


ah  .      ma  a         ^»  at  or 


awe       *  N       saw  o         r* 


u         (' 


up 


oo        _         

put 

Difthongs. 


tee 


\' 

J 


oi       y  oil 


ou 


u  1  —     use 

Explanation. 

The  small  vowel  signs  are  to  be  written  beside  the  consonants. 
The  full  length  vowel  signs  are  to  be  joined  to  the  consonants. 

Long  e,  a  and  o   and  the  difthongs   /    and    u   have   the    names 
assigned  them  in  the  Roman  alfabet. 

Ah,  aw,  oo,  oi,  and  ou  should  each  be  pronounced  as  one  syllable. 
Aw  should  be  called  awe,  NOT  a  double  u. 


22  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

00  should  be  called  as  in  ooze  with  zc  omitted,  NOT  double  o. 

01  should  be  called  as  in  oil  with  /  omitted,  NOT  <?,  eye. 
Ou  should  be  called  as  in  out  with  t  omitted,  NOT  o ,  you. 

The  short  vowels  should  be  named  as  they  sound  in  the  words 
opposite  them  omitting  the  consonants,  NOT  short  eye,  short  you,  etc. 

The  vowel  sound  heard  in  rvare  is  written  with  the  same  sign 
as  the  vowel  in  May. 

The  vowel  sound  heard  in  dance  is  written  in  shorthand  with  the 
same  sign  as  is  used  for  the  vowel  in  at. 

The  vowel  sound  or  sounds  heard  in  bird,  word,  urn,  etc.,  are 
represented  by  the  sign  for  u  in  up.  This  peculiar  vowel  is  never 
heard  before  any  consonant  but  r. 

In  the  table  ov  Consonants  (I)  and  the  table  ov  vowels  (II)  will 
be  found  a  shorthand  sign  for  practically  every  sound  in  the  English 
language.  It  therefore  follows  that  any  word  may  be  spelt  with  these 
signs.  It  would  not  be  advisable  for  the  student  to  attempt  anything 
ov  this  sort  as  the  writing  would  be  much  too  cumbersome  in  most 
cases  to  be  ov  any  use  in  following  a  speaker,  except  where  the  word 
consists  ov  a  vowel  or  a  vowel  and  s  or  sh.  In  most  other  words  it  is 
necessary  to  use  one  or  more  ov  the  abreviations  introduced  in  the 
following  lessons. 

Examples. 

The  following  words  consisting  ov  a  vowel,  or  a  vowel  and  s  or 
sh,  can  easily  be  written  or  read  by  referring  to  the  table  ov  vowels 
and  consonants: 


V. 


I,  sigh,  size,  ice,  shy,  shies,  sea,  sees,  ease,  easy,  aye,  say,  ace, 
says  (sez),  assay,  ah,  ash,  awe,  saw,  saws,  shaw,  owe,  owes,  sow, 
sows,  show,  shows,  sue,  sues,  shoe,  shoes,  ewe,  use. 


LESSONS 


PART  I 


CONSONANTS 


24  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


Lesson  I. 

1.  Learn  the  value  assigned  each  ov  the  following  strokes  so  they 
are  as  familiar  as  the  Roman  alfabet,  and  copy  every  lesson  at  least 
twenty  times. 

\\  /  I //*/...    oo 

pee  bee  tee  dee  kay     gay       ef  vee  ith  thee  es  zee   ish  zhay 

2.  The  horizontal  consonants  are  written  from  left  to  right  as  is 
natural,  all  other  consonants  in  this  lesson  are  written  downwards. 

Use  a  No.  2  or  No.  3  lead  pencil  and  a  shorthand  note  book  which 
will  be  ruled  with  red  lines  about  half  an  inch  apart. 

Reporting. 

3.  In  the  reporting  style  ov  Silagrafy  each   consonant   stroke 
carries  a  vowel  with  it  thus     \  is  bee  not  b  etc.     Words  which  are 
SPOKEN    alike    are     written  alike   in    shorthand    regardless    ov 
ordinary  spelling. 

Copy  the  following  exercise  twenty  times: 

(  \  V  I  — 

thee    be    bee    tea    gay 


4.    READING  EXERCISE. 


The  very  long  stroke  is  used  as  a  period. 


5.     WRITING  EXERCISE:     gay,  be,  bee,  thee. 

The  above  words  are  written  exactly  as  here  represented  in  the 
most  rapid  verbatim  reporting. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  25 


Lesson  II. 

1.  Ing,  kive  and  give  are  always  written  upwards,  never  down- 
wards.    L  and  r  are  always  written  upwards  when  standing  alone, 
but  when  joined  to  other  letters  may  be  written  either  up  or  down. 
All  other  consonants  are  written  downwards,   except  ov  course  the 
horizontal  lines,     //"may  be  made  in  the  same  direction  as  either  ;>  or 
/  as  is  most  convenient. 

Copy  and  learn  the  value  ov  the  following  consonants  the  same 
as  in  the  previous  lesson: 

r-S. ^      V,-N     x         b     fe     <^^ 

el       ar         em          en         ing          we        ye     he    chay  jay  kwee  gwee 

2.  Words  used  in  reading  exercises  are  used  in  the  most  rapid 
reporting  and  other  work. 


ye    are    gay.  he    is    gay. 

The  small  circle  below  the  line  is  a  word  sign  for  is. 
3.     READING   EXERCISE. 


The  long  loop  is  an  interrogation  point  (?). 


4.     WRITING  EXERCISE: 
We,  are,  he,  tea,  bee,  thee,  ye,  be. 


26 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


Lesson  III. 

Joining. 

1.  Each  full  length  consonant  or  vowel  may  be  joined  to  any 
other  full  length  consonant  or  vowel  without  lifting  the  pen  or  pencil. 
The  second  letter  always  commences  where  the  first  ends  and  the 
third  where  the  second  ends,  etc.,  thus: 


v- 


V 


The  above  characters  should  be  read  pee-tee,  bee-dee,  pee-gay-dee, 
be-ing,  etc.  Note  that  the  first  upright  stroke,  if  any,  rests  on  the 
line. 

2.  The  following  joinings  are  made  without  an  angle.  Copy 
twenty  times  at  least. 


The  above  characters  should  be  read  pee-en,  dee-dee,  bee-pee,  etc. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  27 

A  vowel  is  always  pronounced  with  a  consonant  stem,  and  thus  a 
syllable  is  formed  consisting  ov  a  consonant  and  vowel,  while  only  the 
consonant  stem  is  written. 


28  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


Lesson  IV. 

1.     In  Silagrafy  each  syllable  is  represented  by  a  separate'stroke 
as  a  rule,  thus: 


being          elm         Katie       weedy      beady       empty    Ellen 

A  vowel  always  accompanies  a  consonant.     (See  Lesson  I, 
2.     READING  EXERCISE: 


When  the  is  written  thru  the  line  it  is  called  a  word  sign  because 
it  varies  from  the  rules. 

The  above  can  easily  be  read  by  naming  the  consonants  thus: 
el-en— Ellen,  bc-ing=being,  be-de^-beady,  etc. 

3.    WRITING  EXERCISE: 

Katie,  being,  elm,  weedy,  gay. 

In  the  above  and  all  ov  the  first  lessons  words  have  been  selected 
which  are  necessarily  written  without  abreviation  even  in  rapid 
reporting.  When  once  learnt  they  will  not  be  modified  by  later 
devices. 


PART  II 


VOWELS 


3O  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


Lesson  V. 

1.  The  vowel  signs  are  always  made  downwards  excepting  ouf 
which  is  made  upwards,  and  the  horizontal  signs  which  are  made  from 
left  to  right.  The  so-called  "short"  vowels  are  written  above  the 
line  and  the  corresponding  "long"  vowel  on  the  line  ov  writing. 

Copy  and  learn  the  following: 


ah          aw         o     oo  i  e  a       o  u          oo 


i    oi  ou  u 


2.     Any  consonant  may  be  joined  to  any  vowel  thus: 

..).. .(/ 


eyeing    idea         owing          owen  Effie 

3.     All  words  are  written  by  sound  and  not  by  letter  as  follows: 

r  (  (  ( 


I        ah     awe        oh      owe     O          ewe 

4.     READING  EXERCISE: 


5.     WRITING  EXERCISE: 

Write:  ah,  awe,  oh,  owing,   idea.     The  ewe  is  gay.     Ellen  and 
Owen  owe  Erne. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  31 


Lesson  VI. 

1.  When  it  is  necessary  to  exactly  represent  a  vowel,  which  is 
always  understood  to  accompany  a  consonant  stem,  we  use  a  very 
small  vowel  sign  written  close  beside  the  consonant.  When  the 
vowel  is  long  it  is  made  at  the  end  ov  the  stroke  and  when  short  at  the 
beginning  thus: 


obey         up  Ionia          boa       iota 


2.  When  the  vowel  occurs  before  a  consonant  it  is  written  be- 
fore it  and  when  it  occurs  after  a  consonant  it  is  written  after  it. 

3.  RULES  FOR  USE  OV  VOWELS: 

1.  When  a  word  begins  with  or  consists  wholly  ov  a  long  vowel 
or  difthong  use  a  full  length  sign. 

2.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  short  vowel,  which  it  is  necessary 
to  write,  the  full  length  signs  are  preferable  to  the  brief  signs. 

3.  When  any  syllable  consists  ov  a  vowel,  as  in  Eff/V,  idea,  etc, 
it  is  preferable  to  use  a  full  length  sign. 


32 


HTRST'S  SHORTHAND 


Lesson  VII. 

REPORTING  POSITION. 

1.  You  have  learned  that  a  consonant  always  carries  a  vowel 
with  it,  thus        v          is  bee  not  b.     By  writing  the  consonant  above 

the  line  the A  .. .  vowel  is  changed  to  o,  and  by  writing  thru  the 

line  it  is  changed  to  i. 

2.  The  position  ov  a  horizontal  sign  is  determined  by  the  first 
vertical  or  slanting  stroke  if  any.     If  there  is  none  then  by  the  hori- 
zontal stroke. 

In  reading  consonants  written  above  the  line,  they  must  be 
called  bo,  doe,  toe,  off,  etc.,  those  below  the  line  pie,  by,  tie  die,  fie, 
etc.,  not  ef,  dee,  etc. 

3.  EXERCISE. 


\   I  I—  / 


bow       toe    doe      go          off       tho         or 


woe       yo      ho     so    show 


why     by    tie       my        pie    dye    guy       fie       vie    thy    lie       rye         nigh       sigh 

4.     READING  EXERCISE. 


5.    WRITING  EXERCISE. 

The    doe    is   shy.      Ellen   is  going.     The  ewe   is   nigh    Katie. 
Owen  is  going  tho  he  die.     Why!  my  tie  is  off. 


RKPORTIXG  SYSTEM.  33 


Lesson  VIII. 

ALFABET. 

1.     As  it  is  occasionally  necessary  to  write  initial  letters  in  short- 
hand the  following  arrangement  ov  Silagrafic  characters  is  given. 

In  shorthand,    initial   letters    and    proper   names    are    generally 
written  with  short  parallel  lines  beneath  thus: 


c 


T.  K,  Owen 


_  \  b  I  ^  /_  ,  )  b  —  r^  ^ 

a         bcde        fghij         klm         n         o 


\  s-  .s  o  I  ->s/ 

p      q       r       s     t      u      v       w  x         y       •  z 

C  andy  may  be  written  sE  and  jA. 

2.     PUNCTUATION  MARKS. 

Shorthand  punctuation  marks    are    as  follows: 


O 


?  dout,    with  doutful 

word  written  in  circle. 

()  ;  and  ,  same  as  in  longhand. 


34  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

3.     PRINTING. 

In  order  to  describe  a  shorthand  outline  with  the  Roman  let- 
ters the  following  scheme  is  used: 

When  the  full  length  shorthand  stem  is  intended  a  capital  letter 
is  used.  When  a  brief  shorthand  character  is  intended  a  lower  case 
letter  is  used.  The  figure  1  is  used  to  indicate  the  o  position  above 
the  line  ov  writing,  2  for  the  c  position  on  the  line,  and  3  for  the  i 
position  below  the  line.  Going  would  be  printed  G1NG,  bees  B2s, 
owes  O2s,  lie  L3. 


PART  III 


BRIEF    CONSONANTS 


36  HIRST'S  SHORTHAND 


BRIEF  CONSONANTS. 

In  addition  to  the  full  length  consonants,  each  consonant  except 
iv,  y  and  //  has  a  brief  sign,  such  as  a  circle,  hook  or  loop. 

These  are  so  arranged  in  Silagrafy  that  nearly  every  one  syllable 
word  in  the  language  may  be  written  with  a  single  stroke  ov  the  pen. 

When  words  have  more  than  one  syllable,  each  syllable  is  written 
with  a  stem  sign  as  a  rule. 

The  use  ov  these  brief  signs  not  only  admits  ov  greater  speed  in 
writing  but  also  assists  in  accurate  reading  ov  notes  where  the 
vowels  are  omitted. 

The  shading  ov  hooks,  circles  and  loops  is  omitted  in  reporting 
excepting  when  the  first  letter  in  a  word. 


BRIEF  CONSONANTS. 


Letter 

Prefixed  or  added  to 

Letter 

Prefixed  or  added  to 

Straight 
lines 

Curves 

Straight 
Lintrs 

Curves 

P 

i 

S~\    1 

b 

(j 

r,r 

t 

i 

— 

d 

j 

k 

I 



g 

t 

f 

i 

^ 

V 

> 

_ 

th 

6  P 

^ 

dh 

0 

-^> 

8 

i  f 

^ 

z 

PI 

^ 

sh 

^NO 

^ 

zh 

_£> 

-^ 

ch 

b  t 

7 

j 

f  b 

^ 

I 

^ 

c- 

h 

1 

r 

r  7 

r^, 

m 

j 

-> 

n 

j 

^ 

i 

^  ^ 

448341 


38  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

Lesson  IX. 

S,  Z,  Sh  AND  Zh   CIRCLES. 

1.  A  small  circle  is  used  to  represent  s  and  z. 
A  large  circle  is  used  to  represent  sh  and  zJi. 

2.  These  circles  may  be  prefixed  or  added  to  any  consonant  or 
vowel  stem. 

3.  At  the  beginning  ov  words  the  unshaded  small   circle  is  used 
exclusively  for  s,  and  z  is  represented  by  the  small  circle  shaded,  after 
a  stem  or  between  two  stems  the  small  circle  is  used  for  either  s  or  ^ 
without  shading. 

4.  The  large  circle  unshaded  is  used  to  represent  sh  exclusively 
at  the  beginning  ov  words,  as  zJi  never  begins  a  word  in  English  as  it 
does  in  French.     After  a  stem  or  between  two  stems  the  large  circle 
unshaded  is  used  for  either  sh  or  zfi. 

5.  The  circles  are  written  on  the  inside  ov  curved  stems  either 
at  the  beginning  or  end  or  both,  thus: 


sue    sigh    shy      sems      shem          sen  sliens       weesh    shel    sel      shar    sar       ash 

The  circle  and  stem  must  be  made  with  one  stroke  ov  the  pen 
from  beginning  to  end.  When  a  circle  begins  a  word  it  is  made  first 
and  the  stem  follows  without  lifting  the  pen. 

6.  The  circles  are  made  on  the  right  hand  side  ov  straight  lines. 
When  the  straight  line  is  horizontal  or  made  upwards  the  circle  is 
made  on  the  upper  side,  which  will  be  classed  with  the  right  hand 
side  hereafter.  Thus: 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  39 


stee    tees  bees  deesli    skay    kays         sing    sings    shef    sef       sea    saw    sow    show    shy- 

On  upward  strokes  the  initial  circle  is  written  at  the  lower  end 
or  beginning  ov  the  stroke. 

.    7.     These  signs  must   always  be  pronounced  as  monosyllables, 
thus:  sen  not  es  en,  etc. 

8.  Notice  that  the  vowel  usually  occurs  between  the  circle  and 
the  stem,  but 

The  circle  and  stem  sometimes  have  no  vowel  between  them  as 
in  spy,  tops,  etc. 

When  written  the  circle  is  always  the  first  or  last  letter  ov  the 
syllable. 

When  a  vowel  begins  a  word  followed  by  s  or  sJi  as  in  ash,  asp, 
etc.,  the  vowel  stem  must  be  written.  (See  examples,  page  22.) 

9.  When  s,  z,  sh  or  sh  stand  alone  the  vowel  always  follows 
them. 

10.  5  may  be  added  to  the  sh  circle  or  s  circle  thus: 


teeshes  kashps  pieces 

11.     WORD  SIGNS. 

A  small  circle  on  the  line  is  used  as  a  word  sign  for  as  or  has, 
below  the  line  for  is  or  his,  and  above  the  line  for  us. 

A  large  circle  on  the  line  is  used  as  a  word  sign  for  shall,  above 
the  line  for  should,  and  below  the  line  for  she,  thus: 


9.0 

00  Q 

as    has         is    his  us        shall         she          should 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

12.     ERASING. 

Two  common  words  may  be  joined  together  to  form  a  frase  thus: 


as  the,  has  the,  is  the,  should  the,  shall  the 

In  joining  a,  an  or  and  to  another  word  a  horizontal  or  vertical 
tick  is  used  as  well  as  the  full  length  sign,  thus: 


.p  .....  p.     Sr...;  *  .       .Vo    \    % 

p      v  "  "•»  "v"" 

as  a,  is  a,  shall  a,  should  a,  and  as,  and  is,  and  shall,  a  bee,  by  a. 


13.     READING  EXERCISE. 


-X.      .(...)../...(... 


14.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Katie  sees  the  pieces  off  the  shell.  Why  has  Effie  woes?  He 
has-a  tie.  He  sows  the  rye.  The  chef  sees  the  pic.  Sh^  sows 
ideas. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  4l 

Lesson   X. 

JOINING. 

When    any    circle    occurs    between    two    stems    it    is    made    as 
follows: 

1.  Between  two  straight  lines  it  is  always  made  on  the  outside 
ov  the  angle,  thus: 

'  o< 

2.  Where  the  two  lines  are  in  the  same  direction  the  circle  is 
made  on  the  right  hand  side  according  to  ^[6,  Lesson  9. 

3.  Where  a  circle  occurs  between  a  curve  and  a  straight  line  it 
is  always  made  inside  the  curve,  thus: 


4.     Where  a  circle  occurs  between  two  right  hand  curves  or  two 
left  hand  curves  it  is  made  inside  both  curves,  thus: 


5.  Where  a  circle  occurs  between  a  right  and  left  hand 
curve  it  is  made  on  the  inside  ov  one  curve  and  on  the  outside  ov  the 
other,  thus: 


6.     T  or  d  may  be  added  to  the  large  or  small  circle  by  a  hook, 
thus: 


V  -4    V> 

pieced,  teased,  weesht,  elsht 


42  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

Lesson  XL 

r  AND  D  HALF  LENGTH  SIGNS. 

1.  T  and  d  may  be  added  to   any   full    length  stem   by   making 
the  stem  half  its  usual  length.     The  vowel  must  always  be  read  before 
the  t  or  d  never  after  it,  thus: 

\\     \PI_-     //<"      C    ^>    ^    <LS    ^     ^     "\ 

peet,  beet,  bead,  steed,  deed,  Kate,  gate,  eft,  veet,  theet,  celt,  art,  emt,  send,  in.tfd.  weed,  yeed 

T  or  d  may  be  added  to  ted  or  ded  by  a  horizontal  backward  tick, 
thus: 

J      f 

deeded,  stated. 

2.  All  vowels  are  made  half  length  to  add  /  or  d,  thus: 

~   ~    ^  r  c  j 
^    +*   r  c  ^   .., ))s  -\ 

eat.  ate,  ought,  owed,  ood,  it,  Ed,  add,  odd,  ut,  ood,  eyed,  old,  out,  ute, 

3.  Brief  vowels    written    after    the   consonant    stem    are    read 
between  the  stem  and  the  final  t  or  d,  never  after  the  /  or  d. 

\->    U    /^    si 

Lite,  tight,  late,  laid, 

4.  5,  ,:r,  sJi  or  zli  may  be  added  to  any  half  length  sign  and  is 
read  after  the  /  or  d  as  follows. 

v«V>>ofe£<Z_p^60a^^3d-&«s» 

psets,  beets,  beads,  deeds  steeds,  skates,  gate?,  celts,  cents,  sweets,  sights,  seats,  seeds,  aids 

-D  vj 

NoV>b_o_o         -9^-bv^y  X>-e 

peetshCpeach),  beech,   leech,  cage,  gage,  coach,  arch,  each,  age.  oucli  edge     beached,  gaged. 

The  rules  for  writing  the  circles  before  or  after  a  full  length  sign 
apply  to  half  length  signs. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  43 

When  sh  follows  t  it  forms  the  well  known  combination  tsh 
generally  represented  in  English  spelling  by  cli  as  in  muc/i  and  tcli  in 
ma/c7/.  Also  when  zli  follows  d  it  forms  the  much  used  but  poorly 
represented  combination  dzli  indicated  in  English  spelling  by  g,  ge, 
dge,  dj  andy  as  in  adjoin,  edge,  age,  jay,  ^em.  (See  page  19.) 

5.     READING  EXERCISE. 


Q_^ 


...LI,       ....f. ..........   *> 

V       /  o 


*77<u'maybe  added  to  some  very  common  words  by  the  half 
length  principle  as  on  the,  are  the,  etc. 

6.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Ellen  ate  the  sweets. 

Kate  should  weed  the  weedy  beech. 

Erne  should  teach  art. 

He  is  off  on  his  steed. 

Ellen  shall  teach  Kate. 

Owen  should  tie  the  boat  on  the  beach. 

The  coach  is  going. 

Do  not  look  fora  "key;"  there  is  none.  You  should  be  able  to 
read  every  word  in  the  reading  exercise  and  know  how  to  write 
correctly  the  writing  exercise,  and  know  whether  or  not  you  are 
correct.  If  you  cannot  do  this  you  have  not  learnt  the  lessons  well 
and  should  review  them  before  taking  the  next. 


44  HURST'S  SIIOKTIIAND 

Lesson  XII. 

M  AND  N  HOOKS. 

1.  .V  may  be  added  to  any  full  length  stem  by  a  small  final  hook 
and  ;//  by  a  large  final  hook. 

2.  These  hooks  are  made  on  the  inside  ov  curved  stems  and  on- 
the  left  hand  side  ov  straight  lines. 

3.  The  vowel  is  read  between  the  stem   and   the  hook  —  never 
after  the  hook. 


>>  N  ....  J.. 

beem,  bean,  bone,  team,  tone,  dean,  deem,  dome,  skein,  came,  comb,  cone,  arm,  inn. 

4.      T  or  d  may  be  added  to  any  final  n  or  m  hook  by  halving  the 
stem.     The  t  or  d  is  the  last  letter  read,  thus: 


beamed,  boned,  teamed,  stoned,  deemed,  caned,  combed,  armed,  aimed,  owned,  oint. 

5.     S  or  s  may  be  added  to  any  n  or  m  hook,  thus: 


J  J 

beams,  teams,  deems,  domes,  combs,  arms,  inns. 

On  straight  lines  s  is  added  to  the  ;/  hook  by  making  the  hook 
into  a  circle,  thus: 


\     V       ^       ° 

v  ^O  «...  .....  .... 


beans,  bees,  bones,  stones,  cane-s,  skeins,  cones,  gains. 

Note  carefully  which  side  ov  the  straight  line  the  circle  is  on. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  45 

6.     The  small  circle  may  be  added  to  any  half  length  sign  to  add 
or  z  after  t  or  </,  thus: 


ants,  oints,  winds,  minds,  binds. 


7.  A  large  circle  may  be  added  to  any  half  length  n  hook  sign 
to  add  ntsh  or  ndzh.  On  curved  lines  it  is  made  inside  the  hook  and 
on  straight  lines  the  hook  is  made  into  a  large  circle,  thus: 


..a...0./°    $  9"  & 

bunch,  punch,  lunch,  pinch,  wiench,  wench. 

8.  T  or  d  may  be  added  to  any  ov  the  circle  signs  in  this  lesson 
by  a  hook,  thus: 

r  x*  c  -^ 

v*       /.  (S    

danced, lanced,  pinched,  lunched. 

9.  WORD  BUILDING. 

P 
This  is  sto  .   NOT  es  to. 


This  is  stone  v         NOT  stoiv  en. 


f 

This  is  stones       4 NOT  es  to  en  es. 

This  is  steamd          p        NOT  es  tec  cm  de. 


All  signs  having  one  stem  must  bs  pronounced  as  one  syllable  and 
not  as  separate  letters.     This  will  help  you  great!}'  in  reading  notes. 


46  HURST'S  SHORT n AND 

10.     READING  EXERCISE. 


,6  J  \  9/ 


#y^,  ««  or  awrt'  may  be  joined  to  any  ether  word  by  a  horizontal 
or  vertical  tick.   (See  1  12,  Lesson  9.) 

He  has  is  a  frase. 


11.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

The  chef  boned  the  game. 

He  has  a  new  cane. 

I  stoned  the  doe. 

He  has  sued  and  fined  Owen. 

The  beams  on-the  sty  are  fine. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  47 

Lesson  XIII. 

F,    V,   TH  AND  DH  LOOPS. 

1.  F  or  v  may  be  added  at  the  end  ov  any  and  all  stems  by  a 
small  loop  on  the  right  hand  side  ov  straight  lines  and  the  inside  ov 
curves. 

2.  The  vowel  is  read  between  the  stem  and  the  loop,  thus: 


beef,  cave,   elf,    weave,   eve 

3.  The  loop  may  be  shaded  for  v  but  this  never  necessary  in 
reporting. 

4.  Th  or  dh  may  be  added  to  any  stem  by  a  large  loop  made  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  f  loop. 


teeth,  oath,  both. 


6.     The  large  loop  is  used  at  the  beginning  ov  a  stem  for  th  and 
and  the  stem  for  dh,  thus: 


c-  ..:..  6 

three,    thrice,    thaw,    thing,  they,        tiio         them 

5  or  z  may  be  added  to  all  these  loops  by  a  small  circle,  thus: 


beeves,  eaves,       caves,    elves,  oaths. 


43  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

8.      7'  or  d  may  be  added  to  f  hook  by  halving  and  to  th  loop 
by  /  hook,  thus: 


caved,  weaved,  teethed 


9.      Th  may  be  added  to  a  half  length  stem  by  a  large  loop,  thus: 


width 


10.     READING  EXERCISE. 


11.  WRITING  EXERCISE. 
The  cave  caved  on-the  beeves. 
The  beeves  came  by  the  caves. 
The  knife  is  on  the  boat. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  49 

Lesson  XIV. 

K  AND   GAY. 

1.  K  or  .gvrj'  may  be  added  to  any  full  length  straight  line  by  a 
small  hook  on  the  right  hand  side,   thus: 

\\,^..v..'.-.. 

peek,  beak,  cake,  pike,  vogue,  coke. 

The  vowel  is  always  read  between  the  stem  and  the  hook.     The 
hook  may  be  shaded  for  gay  if  necessary. 

2.  K  or  gay  may  be   added   to  any  full   length  curved  sign  by 
doubling  the  length  ov  the  curve,   thus: 


like,  elk,  ark,  week. 

The  k  or  gay  is  always  the  final  sound  in  the  word  or  syllable. 
The  vowel  either  precedes  or  follows  the  original  stem  sign. 

The  position  ov  double  length  signs  is  determined  by  the  first  half 
ov  the  sign.  That  is  to  say  the  sign  is  commenced  as  tho  it  was  to  be 
a  single  length  sign  and  the  double  length  follows  wherever  it  hap- 
pens to  come. 

3.  .S  or  z  may  be  added  to  this  double  length  sign  or  the  hook 
by  a  small  circle,   thus: 

\*\. 

peaks,    beaks,    weeks,      eks,  arks. 

4.  T  or  d  may  be  added  to  the  straight  line  hooked  signs  by 
halving  the  stem,  thus: 


peeked,  caked,  coked. 


50  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

5.     READING  EXERCISE. 


By-the. 


6.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

The  ark  is  a  boat. 
The  elk  is  weak. 
The  oak  is  fine. 
She  has  the  vogue. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  51 

Lesson  XV. 

ING. 

1.     Ing  may  be  added  to  any  full  length  straight  line  by  a  small 
loop  on  the  left  hand  side,  thus: 


bang,      king,       gang,       fang. 


2.     Ing  may  be  added  to  any  full  length  curved  stem  by  doubling 
the  length  ov  the  stem  and  adding  a  small  loop,   thus: 


J 


wing,  ring 


3.     5  or  z  may  be  added  to  ing  loop  by  a  small  circle,  thus: 


V= 


wings,      rings,  gangs,  kings,       fangs 


4.     T  or  d  may  be  added^to  any  straight  line  with  ing  loop  by 
halving  the  stem  and  to  any  curved  line  by  a  small  hook,  thus: 


V 

banged,    winged. 


52  I  IIRST'S  SHORTHAND 

5.     K  or  gay  may  be  added  to  ing  by  a  double  length  stem  and 
//  hook  on  both  straight  and  curved  lines,  thus: 


\  \  c 


pink,  bank,  banks,      link,  wink. 


longer.  linger,     language.      linguist. 


6.      T  or  d  may  be  added  to  these  hooks  by  a  small  hook  turned 
in,  thus: 


banked,  linked. 


7.     READING  EXERCISE. 


\ 

(• : 


8.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

The  bank. 
Ellen  has  a  ring. 
The  rink  is  fine. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  53 

Lesson  XVL 

P  AND  B. 

1.     P  or  b  may  be   added   to  any  full  length  straight  line  by   a 
large  hook  made  on  the  right  hand  side,  thus: 


peep,  deep,  cape,     gape,       pipe,    type,     cope,    scope. 


2.     P  or  £  may  be  added  to  any  sloping  curved  stem  by  doubling 
the  length  and  adding  a  large  hook,  thus: 


weep,  wipe,        Elb,         ripe,  sweep,  orb. 


3.     P  or  b  may  be  added  to  any  horizontal  or  vertical  curved  stem 
by  making  the  curve  into  a  simi-circle,   thus: 


u 


ape,    snipe. 


4.     i"  may  be  added  to  any  ov  these  hooks  by  a  small  circle,  thus: 


peeps,    weeps,    capes,    gapes,    apes,   pipes. 


54  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

5.  T  or  d  may  be  added  to  a  straight  line  with  p  or  b  hook  or 
any  semi-circle  sign  by  halving  the  stem  and  to  a  slanting  curved  sign 
by  a  small  hook  turned  in,  thus: 


e> 

peeped,  gaped,  aped,  wiped,  sniped. 


6.     READING  EXERCISE. 


o 


7.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Ellen  aped  Katie. 

The  type  is  fine. 

The  Elb  is  deep. 

Kate  sweeps  fine. 

She  should  cope  with  the  team. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  55 

Lesson  XVII. 

L  AND  R. 

1.  L  may  be  added- to  any  full  length  stem  by  prefixing  a  large 
injtial  hook,  and  r  by  a  small  initial  hook  on  the  right  hand  side  ov 
straight  lines  and  on  the  inside  ov  curves. 

Altho  the  /  and  r  hooks  are  made  at  the  beginning  ov  the  stems, 
they  are  read  at  the  end  after  the  vowel,  thus: 

S  \  \  f  ff  <_  c_  f  f  ^  ^  Q. 

peel,  peer,  beer,  tier,  deal,  dear,  care,  gale,  veer,  veal,  mile,  Nile,  wheel. 


year,  lyre,  rear,  roll,  eel,        ear,  ale,  air,        aisle,  awl. 

c  r  -  ^  ?  9 

ore,         ill,          hour,          owl,  ire,     oil. 


2.  At  the  beginning  ov  words  where  I  or  r  immediately  follows 
a  consonant  in  the  same  syllable  without  an  intervening  vowel 
between  it  and  the  preceding  consonant*  as  in  pry,  dry,  play,  etc., 
then  the  initial  I  or  r  hook  is  turned  on  the  opposite  or  left  hand  side 
ov  straight  lines,  thus: 


pry,        ply,    try,    dry,      cry,  clay,  gray,    fry,  fly. 


56  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

3.  L  does  not  combine  with  /  or  d  in  this  fashion  but  is  does  so 
we  use  the  large  hook  on  the  left  hand  side  ov  /  or  d  for  ti\j  and  die, 
thus: 


twice,  dwell,  twig,  twill. 


4.  5  may  be  prefixed  to  any  ov  these  hooks.  The  r  hook  is 
made  into  a  circle  on  the  left  hand  side  ov  straight  lines  to  prefix  s, 
thus: 


spry,        splice,  stray,    screw,     spire,  style. 


When  another  letter  precedes  the  /  or  r  hook  sign,  the  hook 
may  be  turned  whichever  way  is  most  convenient  in  joining. 


5.     Any  ov  the  final  hooks,  loops  or  circles  or  other  devices  may 
be  added  to  the  stems  with  an  initial  hook  or  circle,  thus: 


, 


brick,     bribe,    trim,    dream,    scream,     gleam,     twine,     twins,  bright,  blight,     trip. 


6.     5  or  sJi  may  be  prefixed  to  the  r  hook  to  form  such  words  as: 


supper,  shipper,  suffer,  shopper,  shutter 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 
7.     READING  EXERCISE. 


57 


8.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Owen  has  an  awl. 

Ellen  has  a  deer. 

Effie  is  crying  and  weeping  tears. 

The  lyre  has  a  fine  tone. 

Shall  the  boat  ply  the  Elb? 

Owen  is  a  peer. 


5$  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

Lesson  XVIII. 

CH  AND  J. 

1.     When  cJi  begins   a  word   a   small   loop  is  used,  and   when   / 
begins  a  word  a  small  circle  and  hook  are  used,  thus: 


C^  2_x 

cheap,    joke,     chin,          china,        join,     joy,     jail. 

Cli  or  j  may  be  written  on  the  left  hand  side  ov  straight  lines  to 
form  such  words  as  cJieaper,  joker,  cJiecker,  etc.,  in  accordance  with 
16,  Lesson  17. 

2.     READING  EXERCISE. 


3.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Jane  has  a  cape. 

Kate  chose  a  team. 

The  boat  is  cheaper  than  a  coach. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


59 


Lesson  XIX. 


1.     When  h  begins  a  word   it   is  joined  so   as  to   make   a  sharp 
angle,  thus: 


C 


hem,          hen,  hay.         hoe,     hole,       when. 

2.     H  is  generally  omitted  and  the  following  vowel  used,  especially 
in  one  syllable  words,  thus: 


(  C 


hoe,      hole,      hill,      Ohio,         why. 

The  h  is  always  omitted  before  in1. 
3.     READING  EXERCISE. 


..(..C 

\  o 


4.     WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Ellen  has  a  horse.     The  horse  is  gray. 

My  hat  is  high. 

The  horse's  hoof  is  dry. 


60  HURST'S,  SHORTHAND 


VOWELS 


Lesson  XX. 


OMISSION  OV  VOWELS. 

1.  In  reporting  the  vowels  are  practically  all  omitted  in  the  same 
manner  as  e,  o  and  /'  have  been  omitted  in  the  previous  lessons. 

The  back  vowels  mv  and  oo  which  are  similar  to  o  are  indicated 
by  writing  the  consonant  in  the  position  for  o .  Thus  t  written  above 
the  line  would  stand  for  toe,  too  and  taw.  In  reading  it  will  be  easy 
to  determine  which  ov  these  three  words  is  intended  by  the  context. 
The  o  position  is  also  used  for  the  short  vowels  o,  u  and  oo  and  the 
difthong  11. 

2.  In  the  e  position,  on  the  line,  we  write  the  other  front  vowels* 
long  a  and  short  /,  t\  a  and  the  open  vowel  ah. 

3.  In  the  /  position,  below  the  line,  we  write  the  difthongs  /,  oi 
and  ou  and  the  vowel  c  as  in  wrre. 

Sloping  and  vertical  lines  when  full  length  or  double  length  in 
this  position  are  written  thru  the  line  and  horizontal  and  all  half 
length  signs  below  the  line  ov  writing. 

4.  When  a  long  vowel  or  difthong  begins  a  word  it  should  not 
be  omitted,  but  written  with  a  full  stem  sign,   thus: 


eel,  ace.  air,  ale,     ice,         ark, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  6r 

5.  When  the  initial  vowel  is  short  it  is  generally  omitted,  but  if 
the  word  is  a  noun  or  uncommon  word  the  short  vowel  should  be 
written  with  a  stem  sign,  thus: 


Where  the  first  syllable  is  unaccented  and  the  vowel  short  it  is 
•omitted,  as  in  insect. 

6.  As  a  rule  every  omitted  vowel  must  have  a  consonant  stem  to 
represent  it,  or  in  other  words  each  syllable  must  be  represented  by  a 
stem,  thus: 


7.     When  two  brief  signs  occur  neither  one  ov  which  has  a  stem 
sign  then  a  vowel  stem  must  be  written  to  attach  them  to,  as: 


6    8 

says,       such,       jud  e. 


8.  When  a  vowel  begins  a  word  and  is  followed  by  a  brief  sign 
which  cannot  be  written  with  a  stem  then  the  vowel  must  be  written 
with  a  stem  sign.  When  the  vowel  is  the  last  sound  in  a  word 
under  the  same  conditions  then  the  vowel  must  be  written  with  a 
stem,  thus: 


62  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

You  have  now  learnt  all  the  general  principles  ov  Silagrafy,  so- 
that  any  word  may  be  written  briefly  and  quickly.  And  as  a  rule  you 
will  always  write  according  to  these  lessons.  There  are,  however, 
about  100  short  words  in  the  English  language  like  is,  it,  as,  or,  the+ 
etc.,  some  ov  which  form  a  part  ov  nearly  every  sentence.  These 
words  are  written  with  a  single  letter,  which  is  called  a  word  sign. 

Two  or  more  ov  these  100  common  words  frequently  occur 
together,  and  by  using  the  brief  signs  we  are  able  to  write  from  two- 
to  five  words  with  a  single  stroke  ov  the  pen.  This  greatly  increases 
the  speed  ov  writing.  There  are  also  some  rules  for  contracting  and 
the  omission  ov  to  and  ov  which  should  be  learnt  before  the  practice 
ov  shorthand  is  commenced. 


PART    IV 


EXPEDIENTS 


64  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

Lesson  XXI. 

CON  AND  ING  DOTS. 

1.     A  dot  may  be  used  for  the  prefixes  con,  coin  or  cog  by  writing 
it  at  the  beginning  of  the  following  part  ov  the  word,  thus: 

V  .o-p     >N« 

construct,  conscript,  complete. 


In  reporting,  the  dot  may  be   omitted   and   indicated  by  writing 
partly  below  the  preceding  word. 


2.     When  con,  com  or  cog  is  followed  by  a  stem  it  is  preferable 
to  use  the  regular  form,   thus: 


T 


committee,  commence,  connect,  cognize,  recogni/e. 

3.  When  con,  com,  or  cog  occur  in  the  middle  ov  a  word  they 
may  be  omitted  and  indicated  by  writing  the  remainder  ov  the  word 
below  the  first  part,  as  in  rer^nize  in  above  cut. 


4.  The  syllable  ing  may  be  written  with  a  dot  when  more  con- 
venient than  the  stem  but  the  stem  is  preferable  when  the  preceding 
hooks  and  circles  permit  it,  thus: 


fencing,  branching,  changing,  ringing,  glancing. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


Lesson  XXII. 

CONTRACTING. 

1.  As  a  rule  every  syllable  must  have  a  stem  to  represent  it,  but 
in  unaccented  syllables  one  stem  sometimes  carries  two  vowels  and 
therefore  forms  two  syllables,  thus: 


1 


~7 


anxiety  (angz-i-ety).  perplexity,  conformity.  Mississippi,  memory,  perpendicular,  Canada, 

alabaster. 


2.     In  some  long  words  which  are  familiar  a  brief  consonant  sign 
may  be  used  for  a  syllable,  as: 


belong,  believe,  delivery,  circular,  develop,  collect,  correct,  immediate,  recollect,  regular. 


3.     Where  the  intermediate  syllable  consists  solely  ov  a  vowel 
it  may  sometimes  be  safely  omitted,  as  in  recollection,  thus: 


4.     The  first  syllable  in  the  following  words  may  be  omitted: 


attorney,  affairs,  about,  agree,  again,  away,  amount,  account,  according,  occur,  occurreuce. 


66  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

As  a  rule,  however,  this  syllable  should  be  written  in  full,  and 
above  must  always  be  so  written  to  distinguish  it  from  the  word  sign 
for  before.  Occasionally  the  stenografer  will  find  a  word  in  his  work 
which  may  be  abreviated  according  to  the  above  rule.  For  instance 
in  the  termination  ov  correspondence  the  frase  "and  oblige"  may  be 
so  written  if  desired. 


5.     R  is  omitted  in  the  following  words  in  order  to  shorten  them: 


letter,  matter,  under,  interest,  member,  remember. 


6.     MONTHS. 


Jan.  Feb.  Mar.      Apr.       May          June    July       Aug.  Sept 


Oct.  Nov.    Dec. 

7.     NUMERALS. 

As   a   rule   figures   are   written    in   shorthand   with   the    Arabic 
numerals,  as  629,  350,  etc. 

One  and  ten  are  always  written  with  shorthand  characters. 

Hundreds,  thousands,  millions,  etc.,  are  written  with  the  numer- 
ical digits  and  shorthand  characters  for  the  cifers,  thus: 


....  J  7  .r.....rr..  sr..(....j 


3  ^  .5- 

10,        700,  100.  88,000  10,000,        3,000,000,     5,000,000,000, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  67 


Lesson  XXIII. 

WORD  SIGNS 

1.  There  are  a  few  words  ov  very  frequent  occurrence  which  it 
is  expedient  to  represent  with  a  single  stroke  so  they  may  be  written 
in  the  quickest  possible  time  or  joined  to  other  words  in  the  most 
ready  manner.  Some  ov  these  you  have  already  learned;  a  complete 
list  follows: 


68 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


upon 


did 


\    plaintiff                   '  *  -     could 

":*    / 

iwigci 
if 

\                                     can 

but 

.../.. 

ciftcr 

/ 

^^                                    <•  —  <=•  careful 

because 

/.. 

r» 

/ 

first 

V                                        <r—y  second 
before 

which 

—•gave 

»    billion 

ov 

...j^^^  together 

.     \A7  h  Q  f" 

/ 

^  V 

have 

••**••       w  I  1  (t  L 

L—    altogether 

•/•••  whatever 

/ 

ever 

give-n 

it,  at                         —  — 

~~~i 

never 

out                                 . 

? 

every 

J     10                           ...for 

s 

very 

O                                               forward 
J    between                             •  •  •  • 

<K* 

something 

/L 

J,     ,      ,   r      ,                      forgive 
had,   defendant 

~0 

nothine 

x^O  anything 
(      that 

/-•'•   the,  thousand 
these 

•3 

./?. -south 
third 


us 

o      as-has 

-  as  well  as 
.is,  his 

should 
shall 

she 


O 
O 


L 
../:... 


all 


already 

also 

will 

or 

are,  here 


— --v  refer 


question 


-from 


.most 


million 


_  .somewhat 


in,  any 


•unless 


^      number 
^_s*S 'necessary 


never 


V. —  would,  was 


with,  we 


.one 


.  ..L  ...were,  where 


.....  you,  your 


........  your  honor 

^      yes  sir 

X 

......      who-  whom 


he 


how 


••/•  •  •    however 
•         a,  an,  and 
-™~*     either 
v_-^"s  neither 

even 

other 

her 

.some  other 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


no  other 


other 


iV  —  y- 


-mother 


only 

United  States 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  71 

Lesson  XXIV. 

1.  Some  ov  the  most  frequently  recurring  words  are  made  with 
brief  signs  joined  to  the  preceding  word  as  follows: 

b— be 

t — would,  had,  it,  the 

k — can 

kd — could 

v — have,  ov 

th — there,  their,  they,  them 

tJis — this,  these 

////—that 

s — is,  as,  his,  has,  us 

sli — shall 

sJi-d — should 

/—will,  all 

r — are,  our 

m — may,  me 

mt — might 

ms—  must 

n — than,  even,  been 

nt — not 

// — he,    him 

ch — which 

2.  Re  may  be  added  by  a  brief  b  sign,  thus: 


can  be.       could  be,    ever  be,        never  be    shall  be,    should  be,    will  be,    would  be    you  be. 


72  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

3.     The,  it,  had  or  ivould  may  be  added  by  halving  or  the  /  hook, 
thus: 

\  \  \4>  ^  ' 

I  I  I — 


I 

upon  it-the,  but  it-the-would-had,  because  the-it,  before  it-the,  what  the-it-had-would, 
it  had-would,  at  the-it,  had  the-it-liad,  did  the-it,  could  it-the,  can  it  the. 


r.  ,>....  r  rUV-"3 


gave  it-the,  give  it-the,  for  it-the,  if  it-the,  after  it-the,  which  it.  which  had,  which   would, 
which  the,  ov  it-the,  have  it-the-had,  ever  would-had, 


(       .../  .....    P  ...     f>  .  •     P  .  •-    P  .......... 

t  /          I  p       <° 

e  P 


never  had-would,  that  it-the-had-would,  these  had-would,  has-as  it,  has-as  had,  has-as  the,  as 

would,  is  it,  is  the,  shall  the,  shall  it,  should  the,  should  it,  she  had,  she  would,  will  it-the, 

or  it-the-would-had,  are  the,  here  it-the-would. 


from  it-the,  in  it-the,  any  had-would,  with  it-the,  we  had-would,  were  it-the,  where  it-the-had- 
would,  you  had-would. 


..1..V...-..- ~  ~    c 

i  1    X- 

who  had,  who  would,  he  had,  he  would,  how  had,  how  would,  either  it-the-had-would, 
even  it-the-had-would,  only  it-the-had-would. 


The  hyfon  indicates  that  either  reading  is  allowable.  Thus,  the 
last  shorthand  character  above  may  be  read  only  it,  only  the,  only 
had  or  only  would. 

These  four  words  will  not  become  confused  in  reading  notes  as 
the  context  will  suggest  the  right  one. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  73 

4.     Can  may  be  added  by  a  brief  k  sign,  thus: 

>     L...  I    __,    Y ./.../...—  —  • 

but  can,  what  can,  it  can,  which  can,  ever  can,  never  can,  that  can.  they  can,  as  can,  she  can 


all  can.  or  can,  any  can,  we  can,  where  can,        you  can, 


who  can,         he  can.     how  can,    andean,    either  can,    other  can,    only  can,    lean. 


5.     Could  may  be  added  to  any  straight  line  sign  by  kd. 


but  could,  what  could,  it  could,  for  could,  which  could,  ever  could,  never  could,  as  could, 
she  could,  who  could,  he  could,  how  could,  and  could. 

Sometimes  the  fuller  outline  is  preferable  as  which  would, 
my  own,  shall  not,  etc.,  and  in  such  cases  it  is  so  written  in  the 
text. 

Could  may  be  added  to  the  following  words  ONLY  by  a  k  sign  by 
writing  the  words  in  the  o  position,  thus: 


that  could,  they  could,  we  could,  you  could,  I  could. 


6.     Give  may  be  added  to  will  by  a  brief  g,  thus: 


will  give,  he  will  give,  which  will  give,  she  will  give,  I  will  give,  we  will  give,  they-that  will  give 


74  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

7.     Have  or  ov  may  be  added  by  a  v  loop,  thus: 


but  have-ov,  what  have-ov,  out  ov,  did  have,  could  have,  can  have,  gaveov,  given  ov,  for  have, 

whic'h  have-ov, 


ever  have,  never  have,  they-that  have,  as  ov,  is  ov,  should  have,  shall  have,  all  have-ov,  will 

have,  or  have-ov,  are  ov, 

.       Vo  v  •  ^s  / 

hereov,  any  ov-have,  would  have,  we  have,  whereov,  you  have,  who  have,  either  have-ov, 

I  have. 

8.     They,  them,  their  or  there  may  be  added    by    th  loop,  thus: 

but  they-them-their,  what  they-their,  at  their-them,  out  there,  had  they-them-their,  did  they- 
them-their,  could  they:there,  can  they-there,  gave  them-their 

^    *     -  .  f  .A.   6     6 

given  them-their,  for  they-them-their,  if  they-there,  after  they-tiiem-their,  which  they, 
ov  them-their,  have  they-them-there,  that  they-there, 

e 

as  they,  shall  they,  should  they,  all  they-them-their,  will  they-there,  or  there-they-them. 
are  they-there,  here  they-there-them. 


from  them-their,  in  there-them,  any  there,  would   they-there,   with   them-there. 
were  they-there,  how  they,  either  there-they-them,  only  there-they-them. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  75 

9.     That  may  be  added  by  the  tli  loop  and  /  hook,  thus: 


but  that,  at  that,  out  that,  had  that,  did  that,  could  that,  can  that,  gave  that,  give  that, 
for  that,  if  that,  after  that,  ov  that,  have  that,  they  that,  that  that. 


10.     This  or  these  may  be  added  by  a  th  loop  and  s  or  z  circle. 
Be  sure  to  shade  the  circle  for  these. 


.V.V.  ?.?...!>  D     t 


but  this-these,     what  this-these,     at  this-these,     had  this-these,     did  this-these. 


could  this-these,         can  this-these,         give  this-these,       for  this-these, 


if  this-these,  after  this-these,  ov  this-these,  have  this-these.  that  this-these, 


c 

is  this,     are  these,     shall  this,     should  this,     all  this-these,     will  this-these, 


or  this-these,  from  this-these,  in  this-these,  would  this-these, 


with  this-these,  were  this-these,  either  this-these. 


76  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

11.     As,  /i  as,  is,  his  or  us  may  be  joined  to  another  word  by  a 
small  circle,  thus: 

'  -•  V  L 


upon  us-his.  but  his-is-as-has-us,  before  his-us,  what  is-his-has,  it  is-has,  at  his-us.  betweem 

us-his-as, 


I 

had  his-us,  did  his-as,  could  his-as,  can  as-his,  gave  us-his-as,  give  us-his-as, 


I 

lid 

./.    /-../..:  *  ...*.  /  ../... 

for  us-his-as,  if  his-as,  after  his-us,  which  is-his-as-has.  ov  us-his-as,  have  his-us-as,  ever 

is-his-  as-has. 


that  is-his-as-has,  all  is-his-as-has.  will  his-as,  or  is-his-has-as-us,  are  his-as,  from  us-his-as,  in 

his-has-us, 


would  his-as,  with  his-as-us,  where  is-his-as;  were  his-as,  who  is-has,  he  is-has,  how  is-his-has,. 


either  is-his-as-has,  even  is-his-as-has,  as-has  it,  is  it,  as  you,  has  your,  as  I,  as  we,  as  this. 

No  difficulty  will  be  experienced  in  practice  in  using  the  circle  for 
the  different  words  as  the  context  will  readily  supply  the  right  word- 


12.     Shall  may  be  added  by  sh  circle,  thus: 


fc     4    6  ..........J    lo 

what  shall,  it  shall,  that  shall,  they  shall,  all  shall,  or  shall,  you  shall,  I  shall,  we  shalL 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  77 

13.  Should  may  be  added  by  sh-d  circle  and  hook,  thus: 

i 

*0       'O       'O       ..  I  .    .  .     C7*          \O 

what  should,  it  should,  that  should,  they  should,  where  should,  you  should,  I  should, 

we  should. 

14.  Which  may  be  prefixed  or  added  by  the  ch  sign,  thus: 

I  £)  \)  L  Q  & 


.       -o 

6    . 


which  will,  which  are,  which  may,  which  can,  upon  which,  but  which,  at  which,  between 
which,  for  which,  after  which,  ov  which,  that  which,  from  which,  in  which,  with  which. 


15.      Will  or  all  may  be  added  by  the  /  hook,  thus: 

'  r 


.  f   r 

but  all-will,  what  will,  it  will,  at  all,  had  all,  did  all,  could  all,  can  all.  for  all,  if  all,  after  all, 


..  r  f 

ov  all,  have  all,  that  will,  they  will,  should  all,  shall  all,  will  all,  are  all,  here  will,  from  all, 


(L     Q_ 

in  all,  was  all,  with  all,  we  will,  where  will,  you  will.  I  will 

16.   Was  may  be  added  to  t  by  a  w  hook,  thus: 

n 


it  was,  what  was. 


78  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

17.     Are  or  our  may  be  added  by  the  r  hook,  thus: 


f 


f 


what  are,  at  our.  had  our,  did  our,  could  our.  can  our,  grave  our,  give  our.  for  our,  if  our, 

after  our, 


_Lf     C     C 


ov  our.  have  our,  that  are,  they  are.  shall  our,  should  our,  all  are-our,  will  our,  here  are, 

from  our. 


on  our,  in  our,  any  are,  you  are,  was  our,  with  our,  we  are,  where  are,  were  our. 


18.     May  or  me  may  be  added  by  m  hook,  thus: 


J 


J    J..J 


what  may,  it  may.  had  me,  did  me,  gave  me,  give  me,  for  me,  after  me,  ov  me,  have  me, 

that  may, 


they  may,  all  may.  here  may,  from  me,  on  me,  in  me,  any  may,  with  me,' we  may,  where  may, 

you  may,  I  may. 


19.     Might  may  be  added  by  ;///,  thus: 
./ 


J     6      6  , 


<o 


what  might,  it  might,  that  might,  they  might,  all  might,  we  might,  where  might,  you  might 

I  might. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  79 

20.      Than,  oivn  or  been  may  be  added  by  the  ;/  hook,  thus: 


^    (- 

•r ^i-- 


had  Ceen,  have  been,  ever  been,  never  been,  their  own,  our  own.  her  own,  you  been,  only 
been,  more  than,  rather  than,  other  than,  mine,  my  own. 

My  oivn  is  written  in  full  to  distinguish  it  from  mine. 
21.     Not  may  be  added  by  nt,  thus: 


J ~>       «/ 


had  not,  did  not,  could  not,  cannot,  have  not,  shall  not,  should  not,  has  not,  is  not,  will  not. 

are  not,  was  not,  were  not. 


22.     Hand  may  be  added  to  the  following  words  only  by  nt. 

^                   ~*         ^ 
J lo    J 

at  hand,  on  hand,  we  hand,  you  hand,  I  hand. 


80  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


Lesson  XXV. 

1.  As,  has,  is,  his,  shall,  should,  he,  how,  zvho  or  which 
may  be  prefixed  to  a  following  word.  The  first  word  determines  the 
position,  thus: 


as  we,  is  he,  he  is,  has  he,  shall  we,  shall  I,  should  I,  should  they,  he  will,  how  will,  who  will, 


he  can,  who  can,  how  can,  ue  could,  who  could,  how  could,  wnich  is-has, 

o/     ot 


who  shall,  who  should,  he  shall,  shall  he,  how  shall,  how  should,  which  will,  which  have, 
which  are,  which  can,  which  could. 

2.  A,  an  or  and  may  be  either  prefixed  or  added  to  a  word  by 
a  horizontal  or  vertical  tick,  but  the  position  is  determined  by  the 
other  word  and  never  by  the  a-an-and  tick,  thus: 


~7     -X)    Q_ 

a  man.  and  the,  and  a,  an  eyp,  and  he,  and  who,  and  how.  and  is,  is  a,  has  a. 

3.  Ov  or  ov  the  may  be  omitted  and  the  following  word  written 
close  beside  the  preceding  word  to  indicate  the  omission,  thus: 

many  ov  them,  some  ov  the  same,  all  ov  the  people. 

4.  To  may  be  omitted  and  indicated  by  writing  the  following 
word  below  and  touching  the  line  ov  writing,   thus: 


to  you,     to  me,     to  go,    to  the,     to  a.     to  this,    to  them 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  81 


1.     All  ov   the  preceding  principles  may   be  combined  so   as  to 
write  three  or  more  words  together,  thus: 


which  can  be,  she  can  be,  as  can  be,  as  will  be,  which  will  be,  as  would  be,  which  would  be. 


'T-r  6  :-•••• 


but  it  is,  what  it  is,  if  it  is,  after  it  is,  which  it  is,  that  it  is,  as  it  is,  should  it  be,  shall  it  be,  he 
had  it,  how  was  it,  what  can  it.  as  all  can, 


6 


6 

as  any  can,  as  we  can,  which  we  can,  which  I  can,  as  any  ov,  what  have  the,  out  ov  the, 

could  have  it,  can  have  it, 


«o  V 

J>       ^> 


which  have  it,  should  have  the,  shall  have  it,  as  will  have  the-it,  are  ov  the,  any  ov  tne,  would 
have  it,  as  would  have  the,  would  say,  we  would  say,  I  would  say, 


we  will  say,  I  will  say,  as  had  that,  as  have  that,  as  gave  that,  as  for  that,  is  it  that,  as  at  this, 

is  it  this,  as  in  this,  is  in  this, 


Say  is  added  by  a  circle  to  above  words  only. 


as  with  this,  is  with  this,  as  either  this,  as  it  shall,  as  it  should,  as  they  shall,  as  they  should, 
as  we  shall,  as  we  should,  as  I  shall,  as  I  should, 


82  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


.. 


as  you  shall,  which  we  should,  which  I  shall,  which  you  should,  as  that  which,  but  all  ov  it, 
but  all  this,  what  will  be  the,  it  will  be  the,  had  all  this,  did  all  this,  did  all  ov  the, 


/»  r  C  C 


could  all  be,  can  all  be  the,  for  all  ov  it,  if  all  that  is.  have  all  this,  have  all  it  is,  that  will  not. 
they  will  be,  it  will  be,  will  all  have  it,  you  will  be, 

0     c,    <?     D  ...?...  tf      J     C     C  ...•>...    cu 

I  will  not,  we  will  not,  they  will  not,  it  was  not,  what  was  not,  what  are  these,  at  our  own, 
that  are  not,  they  are  the.  you  are  not.  we  are  not, 


from  our  own,  where  are  they,  as  it  may,  as  it  might,  which  gave  me,  as  for  me.  as  that  may, 

as  we  may, 


is  at  hand,  is  at  our  hand,  as  I  will  have  it,  as  it  is  the,  as   it  was  ov  the,  as  it   will   be   the, 
which  have  been,  which  have  our  own,  in  which  it,  on  which  it  is,  may  be  it  is,  may  be  it  is  the, 


as  maybe  it  is  the,  as  can  be  the,  as  if  it  is.  that  it  is  the,  should  it  be  the,  as  if  that  is,  as  if 
all  that  is,  it  will  be  had.  as  it  was  not,  as  they  all  had,  as  we  will  not, 


in  all  which  it  is,  which  cannot,  which  will  not,  as  if  our  own,  as  at  our  own. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  83 

Lesson  XXVII. 

ERASING. 

1.  Two  or  more  common  words  may  be  joined  to  make  a  frase. 
Only  very  familiar  words  should  be  frased  at  first,  and  this  principle 
extended  with  practice. 

Examples. 

\       (^         u       <s  ---  ^—         '^^^••••{  ..... 

L  V 


I  cannot,  it  may  be.  some  ov  them,  as  many  as  can,  he  could  as  well  as  not,  which  we  can  sell, 
nevertheless,  party  ov  the  first  part,  party  ov  the  second  part 


The  two  latter  frases  are  convenient  in  legal  work  and  are  really 
frase  signs  with  ov  the  omitted. 


WORDS  DISTINGUISHED. 

2.     A    few  words    must    be    written    with    different    outlines  or 
position  lo  distinguish  them,  thus: 


—  t     \     \J 


cost,  caused.  poor.  pure,  unto.  into,          man,  men. 


84  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

3.  The  student  may  now  take  each  one  ov  the  frases  in  Lessons 
24  to  27  and  see  how  many  neat,  legible  outlines  he  can  write  in  one 
minute.  By  multiplying  the  number  ov  outlines  by  the  number  ov 
words  in  the  outline  he  will  obtain  the  speed  per  minute  at  which  he 
is  able  to  write  that  particular  frase. 

Many  other  combinations  can  be  made  in  the  same  way  as  those 
here  given. 

The  dotted  lines  indicate  the  line  ov  writing.  Where  no  dots  are 
shown  the  word  is  written  on  the  line. 


PART   V 


PRACTICE 


86  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


SHORTHAND    PRACTICE 

All  that  now  remains  is  for  the  student  to  put  in  practice  the  art 
which  he  has  learnt  in  the  preceding  lessons.  In  order  to  give  him  a 
practical  illustration  ov  the  correct  use  ov  the  principles  ov  short- 
hand, and  a  good  style  ov  writing,  the  following  examples  are  fur- 
nished. 

Each  letter  should  be  written  about  one  hundred  times  in  short- 
hand, and  your  OWN  shorthand  notes  read  over  each  time  in  order 
to  become  familiar  with  the  appearance  ov  shorthand  characters  and 
also  to  note  any  errors. 

You  will  find  repetition  to  be  your  best  teacher  from  now  on. 

It  will  be  well  to  look  up  any  point  you  do  not  understand,  by 
referring  to  the  previous  lessons. 

Do  not  try  to  gain  speed  by  hurrying.  Accuracy  and  noledj  is 
what  you  need  most.  The  speed  will  follow.  The  reason  you  will 
write  slowly  at  first  is  not  because  you  cannot  write  the  characters 
faster,  but  because  you  cannot  recall  them  to  mind  quickly.  This 
ready  noledj  will  come  with  practice.  After  you  have  copied  the 
lesson  several  times  have  it  read  slowly  and  write  from  dictation. 

Keep  your  pencil  sharp  and  use  a  shorthand  note  book  with 
single  lines. 

The  dotted  lines  in  this  volume  indicate  where  the  red  ruled  lines 
would  lie  in  the  note  book. 

The  following  letters  are  taken  from  actual  business  correspond- 
ence ov  the  author  and  others: 


RKPORTIXG  SYSTKM.  87 

BUSINESS  LETTER   NO.  1. 

Gentlemen: 

Enclosed  please  find  $14  which,  in  addition  to  the  $26  check  I 
left  with  you  some  time  ago,  will  pay  for  the  semi-annual  interest 
payable  to  you  on  our  mortgage  due  December  20,  1914. 

Kindly  acknowledge  receipt  of  this  and  oblige,  . 

Yours  truly, 


vB_^ 


^r.,^  «/c. 
>-.. 


NOTES:     Please  find,  ivith  yon,  some  time  ago,  ivill  pay,   are 
all  frases.     See  lesson  27. 

Aknoledj  is  formed  according  to  1  2,  Lesson  22. 

To  the,  for  tJie,  to  you,  on  our,  which  is,  ov  omitted,  are  explained 
in  lessons  24  and  25  regarding  brief  sign  word  signs. 

And  oblige  is  explained  in  H~4,  Lesson  22. 


88  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


LETTER  NO.  2. 

Chicago,  Jan.  14,  1910. 
Gentlemen: 

We  enclose  herewith  binder  for  $10,000  insurance  on  building  in 
course  of  construction,  issued  in  accordance  with  your  order  of  the 
13th  inst. 

You  will  notice  that  this  binder,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
the  Board  of  Underwriters,  is  made  out  for  a  term  of  30  days.  At 
expiration,  unless  building  has  already  been  rated  by  the  Board 
of  Underwriters,  we  can  no  doubt  arrange  to  have  it  extended. 

As  stated  to  you  over  the  'phone,  we  believe  that  this  is  the  better 
•way  to  handle  this  insurance  in  the  interest  of  your  client. 

Yours  truly, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


89 


The  student  will  note  some  old  frases  as  well  as  some  new  ones  in 
this  lesson.  There  are  also  a  number  ov  brief  sign  word  signs  used. 

Con  is  indicated  in  construction  according  to  IX  Lesson  21. 

The  first  syllable  consisting  ov  a  vowel  is  omitted  in  accordance. 
See  14,  Lesson  22. 

Order  is  an  exception  to  14,  Lesson  20,  and  is  written  as  an 
unaccented  vowel  would  be  in  a  similar  position  because  ov  its 
frequent  occurrence.  See  insect^  TS,  Lesson  20. 


9O  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


LETTER  NO.  3. 

Chicago,  Jan.  14,  1910. 
Gentlemen: 

We  are  in  receipt  of  your  fa^or  of  the  13th  inst.,  requesting  us  to- 
issue  policy  for  Florence  Logan,  on  household  furniture  in  your  ware- 
house, but  we  regret  to  be  obliged  to  return  the  application  to  you  as 
the  Company  now  has  full  liability  in  this  warehouse. 

Thanking  you  very  much  for  remembering  us  and  hoping  you  will 
have  no  trouble  in  replacing  this  business,  we  remain 

Yours  very  truly, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


///  receipt,-  ive  regret,  zve  remain  are  written  in  a  peculiar  fashion. 
It  is,  however,  quite  legible  and  shortens  the  outlines  considerably, 
which  will  aid  in  gaining  speed.  In  regard,  with  reference,  in  ref- 
erence, in  respect,  with  respect,  on  or  before,  on  or  about,  more  or 
less,  and  other  familar  frases  may  be  written  with  the  r  hook  in  like 
manner. 

Favor  may  be  written  without  the  final  syllable  in  correspond- 
ence but  should  be  written  in  full  in  ordinary  matter. 


Return  is  more  easily  written  as  in  the  lesson, 
be  written  RSTrn  with  downward  R. 


It  might  ov  course 


92  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


LETTER  NO.  4. 

Chicago,  April  2,  1910. 
Dear  Sir: 

In  reference  to  the  space  that  you  spoke  of  on  Clark  Street,  north 
of  the  Garage,  I  beg  to  say  that  we  would  be  willing  to  make  a  long 
term  lease  of  property  in  that  location,  but  would  prefer  to  lease  the 
entire  strip  from  the  Garage  north.  In  other  words  we  do  not  think 
it  would  be  good  business  to  have  some  attractive  stores  go  in  there 
and  allow  those  frame  buildings  to  remain. 

If  you  would  consider  making  a  long  lease  of  this  frontage,  kindly 
let  me  know  and  I  will  be  glad  to  take  it  up  with  you. 

Yours  very  truly, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


93 


/nt  ./. 


(9^'  on  the  first  line  is  written  in  full  because  0f  /«  does  not  frase 
well.  ZJi  is  shaded  in  garage  because  it  is  an  unusual  combination 
for  English. 

Locate  would  be  written  with  downward  /,  and  location  would 
naturally  be  written  the  same,  but  this  is  not  material. 

Entire  is  more  easily  written  NtR  than  NTr. 


94  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


LETTER  NO.  5. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  May  9,  1910. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  beg  to  state  in  reply  to  your  postcard  of  May  6th  that  copy- 
right in  the  United  States  secures  no  protection  in  foreign  countries 
because  the  United  States  is  not  a  member  of  the  International  Copy- 
right Union. 

In  order  to  secure  copyright  abroad  it  is  necessary  to  comply  with 
the  domestic  regulations  of  the  several  countries  in  which  such  pro- 
tection is  desired,  and  these  requirements  are  so  varied,  that  the 
practical  course  for  one  wishing  such  protection  is  to  secure  the 
services  of  agents  in  such  countries  to  transact  his  copyright  business. 

Respectfully, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


95 


V,     f 


••^••0" 

Secures  is  formed  according  to  1"6,  Lesson  17. 

Protection  in  more  easily  written  PrtKshN  than  PrTKshN. 
Practical  is  written  according  to  the  same  principle. 

/;/  order  is  frased  in  a  similar  way  as  in  receipt,  etc.,  in  Letter 
No.  3. 

To  comply  is  an  application  ov  two  principles,  the  omission  ov  to 
is  indicated  by  writing  below  the  line  and  ov  com  by  writing  close  to 
the  preceding  word. 

Transact  should  theoretically  be  written  with  the  kt  disjoined,  as 
by  joining  the  ns  becomes  s.  In  such  an  ordinary  word  it  may  be 
joined  without  danger  ov  illegibility. 

Read  the  instructions  in  Part  5  entitled  "Shorthand  Practice," 
page  86. 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


LETTER  NO.  6. 


To  read  this  without  a  key  will  be  one  ov  the  hardest  tasks  in 
this  book.  With  dictated  matter  you  have  the  advantage  ov  having 
once  heard  the  whole  spoken  and  can  remember  the  general  subject. 
Here  you  do  not  know  the  subject  nor  the  style  ov  the  writer,  but  you 
should  not  find  much  difficulty  in  transcribing  it. 


..^..^.... 

^\ 


7 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


97 


COURT  REPORTING. 

For  reporting  testimony  three  vertical  lines  are  ruled  on  the  left 
side  ov  the  page.  The  first  about  an  inch  from  the  margin  and  the 
others  about  Y\  ov  an  inch  apart,  thus: 


Examining 
Counsel 


Witness 


Objecting 
Counsel 


Court 


This  will  divide  the  page  into  four  unequal  spaces.  The  object  ov 
this  arrangement  is  to  keep  the  questions  and  answers  separate  with- 
out writing  the  speakers  name  each  time. 

The  questions  ov  the  examining  counsel  commence  in  the  left 
hand  space  and  extend  across  the  page. 

The  answer  ov  witness  commences  in  the  second  space  and 
extends  across  the  page  also,  but  the  second  line  ov  the  answer  must 
also  commence  in  the  second  colum,  and  so  on.  It  is  best  to  start  each 
question  and  answer  on  a  separate  line. 

The  surname  ov  the  counsel  should  be  written  the  first  time  he 
speaks.  If  there  are  two  attorneys  on  each  side  the  remarks  ov  the 
assistant  should  commence  in  the  right  hand  half  ov  the  proper  space. 

When  counsels  change  from  examining  to  objecting  or  vice  versa 
their  positions  change  on  the  note  book  so  the  examining  counsel 
always  has  the  first  colum,  whether  he  is  for  plaintif  or  defendant. 

The  reporter  should  write  in  longhand  at  the  top  ov  his  note 
book  the  title  ov  the  case  as,  Smith  v.  Smith;  the  name  ov  the 
court,  the  number  ov  the  case — both  general  and  term  number,  the 
name  ov  the  judge,  names  ov  plaintif's  and  defendant's  attorneys, 
whether  or  not  tried  by  jury. 


98  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 

At  the  beginning  ov  the  notes  should  be  written  direct  examina- 
tion, cross  examination,  redirect  examination,  or  rccross  examination 
as  the  case  may  be. 

The  examination  ov  jurors  is  seldom  reported  except  in  criminal 
cases. 

The  opening  or  closing  addresses  by  either  side  are  seldom 
required. 

The  charge  to  the  jury  by  the  court  must  be  carefully  reported 
verbatim. 

Every  word  ov  witness  must  be  reported  verbatim  even  if  ungram- 
matical. 

The  objections  and  arguments  ov  council  may  be  summarized. 
The  citations  by  council  may  be  noted  as  to  volume,  page,  case,  etc., 
and  notes  made  so  that  the  quotations  read  may  be  reproduced  from 
the  original. 


FORM  for  first  page  ov  Court  Report. 


Superior  Court  of  Cook  Co.,  111. 

John  Johnson  ) 

vs. 
The  People's  Traction  Co   ) 

Before  Judge  Smith  and  a  Jury. 
Chicago,  Jan.  2,  1910. 

Appearances: 

For  Plaintiff, 

M.  H.  Anderson. 

For  Defendants, 

Cunning,  Isaacs  &  Green. 

Mr.  Anderson  opened  for  plaintiff. 
Anton  Robertson  called  for  plaintiff,  sworn. 

Direct  Examination  by  Mr.  Anderson- 
Q.  What  is  your  name?  A.  Anton  Robertson. 

Etc. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  99 

COURT  REPORT. 

State  of  Illinois 


County  of  Cook    f   '  Coroner's  Inquest. 

Intermediate  Crib  Disaster- 
Before  a  Coroner's  Jury. 
Chicago,  Jan.  29,  1909. 
Appearances: 

Coroner  Hoffman, 

Eli  Felsenthall,  representing  the  Jackson  Co. 
Francis  J.  Nolan,  sworn. 

Direct  examination  by  Mr.  Hoffman. 
Q.     What  is  your  name?     A.     Francis  J.  Nolan. 
Q.     What  is  your  occupation?     A.     Foreman  at  the  crib. 
Q.     How  many  men  were  at  the  crib  on  the  day  of  the  fire?     A. 

About  100  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge. 
Q.     On  the  night  preceding  the  fire,  did  you  see  the  holes  loaded  in 

the  tunnel?     A.     I  was  in  the  bore  all  night. 

Q.     Where  did  the  men  get  the  powder  to  load  the  holes?     A.     At 

the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  I  sent  enough  down  by  the  elevator  man 

for  the  firing  with  a  little  to  reload  the  holes  that  failed  to  pull. 

Q.     Who  took  the  powder  from  the  magazine?      A.     The  man  in 

charge. 

Q.     What  was  his  name?     A.     Don't  know. 
Q.     What  was  his  number?     A.     Don't  know. 
Q.     How  much  powder  did  you  keep  in   the  magazine?     A.     About 

ten  to  fourteen  boxes.     Each  box  held  about  sixty  pounds. 
Q.     How  did  you  thaw  it  when  it  froze?     A.     In  hot  water.     We 
had  a  box  filled  with  hot  water  and  placed  the  powder  in  a  com- 
partment that  was  lined  with  tin  and  waterproof. 
Q.     Were  there  any  shelves  iri  the  powder  house?      A.     There  were. 

The  dynamite  was  placed  stick  by  stick. 
Q.     How    was    the    powder    room    heated?      A.     By  steam    coils. 

These  were  on  the  floor. 

Q.     How  hot?     A.     About  60  to  65  degrees  in  the  powder  room. 
Q.     Would  this  thaw  the  dynamite?     A.     Dynamite  freezes   at  45 

and  thaws  at  50. 
Q.     Who  was  in  charge  of  that  room?     A.     The  janitor.     I  don't 

know  his  name. 

Q.     How  many  boxes  of  dynamite  were  in  the  powder  room  on  the 
morning  of  the  fire?     A.     Four. 


100 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


A 


I- 


CO 


C, 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


101 


~y 


1 


J .,,,. 


It/- 


JL 


-I 


2 


\' 


102 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


\ 


4*    '  "i 


C.N.t 


\ 


..f.l 


-v /* 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


103 


In  charge  is  written  NtshRdzh.  Any  charge  may  be'written  the 
same  and  no  charge  the  same  in  the  o  position,  and  recharge 
RtshRdzh.  Other  words  may  be  frased  according  to  this  principle. 


THE  LORD'S  PRAYER. 


>.  p 


104  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


EXTRACT  FROM  HAMLET'S  SOLILOQUY. 

To  be  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question: 

Whether  it  is  nobler  in  the  mind,  to  suffer 

The  slings  and  arrows  of  outrageous  fortune, 

Or  to  take  arms  against  a  sea  of  troubles, 

And  by  opposing  end  them.     To  die — to  sleep — 

No  more — and  by  a  sleep  to  say  we  end 

The  heartache  and  the  thousand  natural  shocks 

That  flesh  is  heir  to, —'tis  a  consumation 

Devoutly  to  be  wisht.     To  die; — to  sleep; — 

To  sleep!  perchance  to  dream; — ay  there's  the  rub; 

For  in  that  sleep  of  death  what  dreams  may  come, 

When  we  have  shuffled  off  this  mortal  coil 

Must  give  us  pause.  • 


REPORTING  SYSTEM. 


105 


r 

<£_ 


(    2.... 

a 

L 


106  HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


PRACTICE. 

Now  the  student  may  begin  at  the  preface  ov  this  volume  and 
write  the  entire  book  in  shorthand.  Write  only  a  page  at  a  time  and 
then  read  and  correct  your  notes.  You  will  usually  find  some  errors 
when  you  read  your  notes  or  see  some  outline  or  frase  which  could  be 
improved.  You  will  in  this  way  also  review  the  lessons. 

When  you  have  completed  the  above  task,  and  not  before,  you 
may  take  the  business  letter  No.  1  and  write  it  repeatedly  from  the 
dictation  ov  a  friend  until  you  can  write  it  at  the  rate  ov  200  words 
per  minute.  In  doing  this  work  go  slow  enuf  to  make  good  outlines. 
Speed  will  come  from  repetition  and  not  from  hasty  and  illegible 
writing. 

If  you  can  recall  the  outline  instantly  you  will  have  plenty  ov 
time  to  write  it  well. 

Then  take  letter  No.  2  and  work  it  up  the  same  way  and  so  forth 
thru  the  balance. 

Then  you  can  take  new  matter  from  dictation.  Take  time  to 
make  every  outline  correct,  and  read  every  word  you  have  written. 

If  you  find  it  impossible  to  read  a  word  after  due  effort,  then  refer 
to  the  copy  and  see  what  your  mistake  is,  but  it  is  best  never  to  refer 
to  copy  except  as  a  last  resort. 

When  you  can  write  100  words  per  minute  correctly  from  new 
matter  for  five  or  ten  minutes  at  a  time  and  read  it  readily  and  accu- 
rately you  will  be  able  to  fill  some  commercial  positions  so  far  as 
shorthand  is  concerned  but  don't  stop  here;  150  words  per  minute  is 
a  much  more  satisfactory  speed. 

Accurate  spelling  and  ability  to  use  a  typewriter  is  also  essential 
but  we  have  confined  ourselves  to  the  main  subject  ov  shorthand  in 
this  volume. 

There  are  good  books  to  be  had  on  these  other  subjects  to  which 
we  refer  the  student. 


REPORTING  SYSTEM.  107 


FONOSCRIPT 


There  is  considerable  demand  for  a  form  ov  brief  writing  which 
shall  be  as  legible  as  print. 

We  can  readily  supply  such  a  form  in  Fonoscript.  The  same 
characters  are  used  for  Fonoscript  as  for  Silagrafy,  but  the  accented 
vowels  are  written  in  full. 

Fonoscript  can  easily  be  written  at  the  rate  ov  fifty  words  per 
minute,  and  some  experts  can  attain  as  high  as  one  hundred  words 
per  minute. 

Fonoscript  is  not  suitable  for  reporting  but  on  account  ov  its 
great  legibility  and  comparative  brevity  is  available  for  all  purposes 
for  which  the  ordinary  longhand  is  used. 

Fonoscript  uses  all  the  stems  and  hooks  used  in  Silagrafy. 

In  Fonoscript  all  accented  vowels  are  written  in  full.  When  the 
accented  vowel  is  short  the  word  is  written  above  the  line.  When 
long,  on  the  line. 

When  necessary  />,  /,  k  and  /"may  be  written  with  a  full  length 
stem  instead  ov  brief  signs. 

All  words  are  spelt  fonetically. 

The  vowels  in  unaccented  syllables  may  be  omitted  to  a  large 
extent  because  the  writing  will  indicate  exactly  where  the  vowel 
should  be  read,  and  the  sounds  ov  most  unaccented  vowels  are  very 
similar. 

When  a  word  begins  or  ends  with  a  vowel,  the  vowel  must  always 
be  written.  ' 

The  following  example,  which  is  letter  No.  3  in  Part  V,  can  easily 
be  read  by  any  one  who  has  learned  the  values  ov  the  various  stems 
and  hooks,  loops  and  circles  in  the  foregoing  pages: 


108 


HURST'S  SHORTHAND 


Any  first-class   stenografer   can   soon  learn  to  read  Fonoscript 
written  by  his  employer  or  others. 

A  text  book  containing  this  system  alone  will  be  published  later. 


THE 
PRONOUNCING   SPELLER 


W.  H.  HURST 


DESIGNED    FOR    POOR    SPELLERS 


Teaches    orthodox    spelling    from   a    fonetic    point 
ov  view 


Contains    complete  rules  for  changing  /  to  v  and 

y  to  ie,  and  dropping  the  final  e  when 

adding  suffixes. 


Price  25  Cents  (Paper  Covers) 


PUBLISHED   BY 

W.  H.  HURST  &  CO.,  Chicago,  111. 

[Over] 


THE 

SHORTHAND   SUPPLEMENT 


WILLIAM  H.   HURST 


A    book   containing   the   new    inventions    in 

shorthand  set   out  in  this  volume 

which  may   be   added  to 

the  Pitman  System 


Arranged  for  writers  ov  Isaac  Pitman,  Ben  Pittman, 

Howard,  Munson,  Graham's  and  other 

Systems  ov  Fonografy 


Price   50   Cents 


PUBLISHED   BY 

W.  H.  HURST  &  CO.,  Chicago,  111. 


Simplified  Spelling 


BY 

WILLIAM   H.  HURST 


Copyright  in  1901.     (Several  years  before  the 
organization  ov  the  Simplified  Spelling  Board) 


This  pamflet  contains  a  full  explanation  ov 

the   scheme  ov   simplified    spelling 

used  in  the  within  volume 


The  plan   recommended  in  this   pamflet  has  been 

indorsed  by  some  of  the  most  eminent 

Filologists    and  Educators 

in  this  country  and 

England 


Send  10  Cents  to  help  pay  for  the 
postage  and  printing 


PUBLISHT  BY 

W.  H.  HURST  &  CO.,  Chicago,  111. 

[Over] 


FONOSCRIPT 


A  SYSTEM  ov  brief  writing  or  shorthand 
arranged  for  students  and  professional 
and  business  men  who  need  a  very  legible  as 
well  as  a  brief  form  ov  writing. 

A  specimen  ov  Fonoscript  may  be  seen 
on  page  108  ov  this  volume. 

This  book  will  also  contain  a  complete 
exposition  ov  the  fonetic  structure  ov  the 
English  language,  and  should  be  ov  value  to 
the  student  who  wishes  to  know  the  elemen- 
tary sounds  ov  the  language  and  their  relation 
to  each  other,  and  to  spelling. 

If  interested,  please  address  the  pub- 
lishers, who  will  be  pleased  to  give  further 
information. 

PUBLISHED  BY 

W.  H.  HURST  &  CO.,  Chicago,  111. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


MAR  8  0 1949 
0-1*1 


Form  L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 


UNIVERSITY  ot  CALIFORNIA 
AT 


Z56 
H94si 


B.  0. 

LAWYER 

DAL 


